TAN keywords for features
This file contains in TAN-key format the core vocabulare adopted by OLiA for parts of
speech: http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This license is granted independent of rights and licenses associated with the
source.
http://viaf.org/viaf/299582703
tag:textalign.net,2015:agent:kalvesmaki:joel
Joel Kalvesmaki
tag:textalign.net,2015:stylesheet:convert-tan2017-to-tan2018Stylesheet to populate a TAN-A-div file from collections.Stylesheet at: ../do%20things/convert/convert%20TAN%202017%20to%20TAN%202018.xsl
http://schema.org/creator
creator
Started file
TAN file updated to 2018 schemas.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Abbreviation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Abbreviation
abbreviation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Accusative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Accusative
accusative
EAGLES
In nominative-accusative languages, accusative case marks certain syntactic
functions, usually direct objects.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAccusativeCase.htm
17.11.06)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Acronym
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Acronym
acronym
EAGLES category Residual with Type="Acronym".
An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the
initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated
written form. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and
long or frequently referenced terms. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym
19.09.06)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adjectival
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Adjectival
adjectival
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Adjectival
In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of attributive pronouns and abbreviated
adjectives, e.g., in Ukrainian e.g., абичий/= бозна-чий/= будь-чий/= дечий/=
хтозна-чий/= чий-будь/= чий-небудь/= чийсь/=, абичийого/абичий аби до чийого/абичий
бозна-чийого/бозна-чий будь-чийого/будь-чий дечийого/дечий хтозна-чийого/хтозна-чий
чийого-будь/чий-будь чийого-небудь/чий-небудь чийогось/чийсь, абичийого/абичий
бозна-чийого/бозна-чий будь-чийого/будь-чий дечийого/дечий хтозна-чийого/хтозна-чий
чийого-будь/чий-будь чийого-небудь/чий-небудь чийогось/чийсь, абичийому/абичий
абичиєму/абичий абичиїм/абичий аби на чийому/абичий аби на чиєму/абичий аби на
чиїм/абичий бозна на чийому/бозна-чий бозна на чиєму/бозна-чий бозна на
чиїм/бозна-чий будь-чийому/будь-чий будь-чиєму/будь-чий будь-чиїм/будь-чий будь на
чийому/будь-чий будь на чиєму/будь-чий будь на чиїм/будь-чий дечийому/дечий
дечиєму/дечий дечиїм/дечий де на чийому/дечий де на чиєму/дечий, абичийому/абичий
абичиєму/абичий бозна-чийому/бозна-чий бозна-чиєму/бозна-чий будь-чийому/будь-чий
будь-чиєму/будь-чий дечийому/дечий дечиєму/дечий хтозна-чийому/хтозна-чий
хтозна-чиєму/хтозна-чий чийому-будь/чий-будь чиєму-будь/чий-будь
чийому-небудь/чий-небудь чиєму-небудь/чий-небудь чийомусь/чийсь чиємусь/чийсь,
абичийому/абичий абичиєму/абичий бозна-чийому/бозна-чий будь-чийому/будь-чий
будь-чиєму/будь-чий дечийому/дечий хтозна-чийому/хтозна-чий чийому-будь/чий-будь
чийому-небудь/чий-небудь чийомусь/чийсь, абичию/абичий бозна-чию/бозна-чий
будь-чию/будь-чий дечию/дечий хтозна-чию/хтозна-чий чию-будь/чий-будь
чию-небудь/чий-небудь чиюсь/чийсь, абичия/абичий бозна-чия/бозна-чий
будь-чия/будь-чий дечия/дечий хтозна-чия/хтозна-чий чия-будь/чий-будь
чия-небудь/чий-небудь чиясь/чийсь, абичиє/абичий бозна-чиє/бозна-чий
будь-чиє/будь-чий дечиє/дечий хтозна-чиє/хтозна-чий чиє-будь/чий-будь
чиє-небудь/чий-небудь чиєсь/чийсь
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Adjectival)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Adjective
adjective
EAGLES top-level category Adjective (AJ).
An Adjective is a noun-modifying expression that specifies the properties or
attributes of the nominal referent.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdjective.htm
18.9.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AttributiveAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AttributiveAdjective
adjective attributive
attributive adjective
EAGLES Adjective with Use="Attributive".
An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and
that precedes the noun, e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OrdinalAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OrdinalAdjective
adjective ordinal
ordinal adjective
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338
Adjective expressing a numeric ranking. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338)
Cf. "second", "next", "last"
subClassOf adjective (dcif:isA)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ParticipleAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ParticipleAdjective
adjective participle
participle adjective
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598
Adjective based on a verb. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598)
subClassOf adjective (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PastParticipleAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PastParticipleAdjective
adjective participle past
past participle adjective
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596
Adjective based on a past participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596)
subClassOf participleAdjective (dcif:isA)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PresentParticipleAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PresentParticipleAdjective
adjective participle present
present participle adjective
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597
Adjective based on a present participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597)
subClassOf participleAdjective (dcif:isA)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessiveAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessiveAdjective
adjective possessive
possessive adjective
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveAdjective
A PossessiveAdjective is an denominal adjective, often derived from a ProperNoun,
that serves to indicate possession in most Slavic languages. Unlike a genitival
construction, a possessive adjective shows agreement with its head noun.
(Chiarcos)
Adjective/Type="possessive" are denominal, not pronominal expressions of
possession (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09). Therefore not to be confused with
Pronoun/Type=adjectival(a) (Bulgarian only), for words like умно /cleverly, wisely,
sensibly/, which are derived from adjectives. (Dimitrova et al. 2009) e.g., Slovene
dušikovima/dušikov, Marsovi/Marsov, Slovak vojvodova/vojvodov, vojvodove/vojvodov,
vojvodovej/vojvodov, vojvodovho/vojvodov, vojvodovi/vojvodov, vojvodovmu/vojvodov,
vojvodovo/vojvodov, vojvodovom/vojvodov, vojvodovou/vojvodov, Serbian
evroazijske/evroazijska, evroazijskih/evroazijski, Goldštajnov, govornikov,
Jehovine/Jehovin, malabarskom/malabarski, O'Brajenov, O'Brajenovog/O'Brajenov,
oficirov, Czech Riegrovými/Riegrův, Stradellovými/Stradellův, Tristanovou/Tristanův,
Wagnerových/Wagnerův, Wagnerovým/Wagnerův, Weberovi/Weberův, Weberových/Weberův,
Wertherovi/Wertherův, Winstonovi/Winstonův
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveAdjective)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PredicativeAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PredicativeAdjective
adjective predicative
predicative adjective
EAGLES Adjective with Use="Predicative".
A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a
sentence. This means that it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such
as to be). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QualifierAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QualifierAdjective
adjective qualifier
qualifier adjective
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#QualificativeAdjective
Adjective used to qualify. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477)
subClassOf adjective (dcif:isA)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelationalAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelationalAdjective
adjective relational
relational adjective
cf. OrdinalAdjective
The Slovene adjective expresses three main ideas: quality (qualitative adjectives,
kakovostni pridevniki), relation (relational adjectives, vrstni pridevniki) and
possession (possessive adjectives, svojilni pridevniki). Relational adjectives
express type, class or numerical sequence of a noun. For instance: kemijska in
fizikalna sprememba (chemical and physical change), fotografski aparat (photographic
device (=camera)). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_grammar)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubstantiveAdjective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubstantiveAdjective
adjective substantive
substantive adjective
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394
An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating
such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun.
(www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394) (Chiarcos: this seems to pertain to
nominalization)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticAdjunct
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticAdjunct
adjunct syntactic
syntactic adjunct
Prototypically, an optional (morpho)syntactic constituent. 'Satellites are not
... required by the predicate; they give optional further information pertaining to
additional features of the SoA ..., the location of the SoA ..., the speaker's
attitude towards or evaluation of the propositional content ..., or the character of
the speech act...' (Dik, 1997:87)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticAdjunct) The
category adjunct (ADJ) is assigned to those constituents that appear as optional
additions, be it to the main verb or to a given noun. This means that they can be
left out freely without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in
meaning. In "John called Mary (from school) (with his cell phone)" the optional
additions "from school" and "with his cell phone" are such optional additions that
can be left out freely. Adjuncts are generally used to convey additional information
about the time, place, manner, or cause of the event or situation described by the
clause (see below). That is, they restrict the class of events/ situations described
by the clause to a subset. If required the category ADJ can be split up into
semantic sub-categories, that are annotated in layer semantic roles (time, location,
etc.). (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.3)
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticAdjunct
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Adjunction
adjunction
PTB Bracketing Guidelines, Santorini (1991)
The term \adjunction structure" refers to structures which would be represented by
tree diagrams of the general form in (@9). The de ning characteristic of adjunction
structures is that a node X dominates another instance of X. (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Adposition
adposition
EAGLES top-level category Adposition (AP).
An adposition is a cover term for prepositions, postpositions and
circumpositions. It expresses a grammatical and semantic relation to another unit
within a clause.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition 19.09.06) The majority of cases of
adpositions we have to consider in European languages are prepositions.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#SECTION00062200000000000000
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Adverb
adverb
EAGLES top-level category Adverb (AV). Skipped subconcepts ParticleAdverb and
GeneralAdverb: ParticleAdverb is better described by the join of particles or
adverbs rather than positing an independent category; GeneralAdverb is merely the
complement of DegreeAdverb.
An adverb is a part of speech that serves to modify non-nominal parts of speech,
i.e., verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs.
Modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbs 18.09.06)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdjectivalAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdjectivalAdverb
adverb adjectival
adjectival adverb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb
An adjectival adverb is an adverb that is formally identical to an
adjective.<br/> MULTEXT-East Adverb/Type="adjectival" (Serbian, Macedonian,
Bulgarian)<br/> Bulgarian AdjectivalAdverbs have the same form as adjectives
in Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number = singular. (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CausalAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CausalAdverb
adverb causal
causal adverb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb
Adverb/Type="causal" is used in the Hungarian MTE v4, but no examples are
provided. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DegreeAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DegreeAdverb
adverb degree
degree adverb
EAGLES Adverb with Adverb-Type="Degree".
Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a
preposition, a conjunction or a determiner is a degree adverb.
(http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc, p. 113, 8.1 Degree
Adverbs 23.09.06) Also known as specifier adverb
(http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DemonstrativeAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DemonstrativeAdverb
adverb demonstrative
demonstrative adverb
http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#AdverbialDemonstrative,
http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#DistalDemonstrativeAdverb
Pronominal adverb derived from a demonstrative stem (Ch. Chiarcos)
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExclamatoryAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExclamatoryAdverb
adverb exclamatory
exclamatory adverb
EAGLES WHAdverb with Wh-Type="Exclamatory".
An ExclamatoryAdverb seves to express exclamation, cf. how in "How well everyone
played!" Exclamative sentences or exclamatives An exclamatory sentence or
exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement, in particular, they are
used are used to express strong feelings (Latin exclamare : "to call out, to cry
out"). (http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html
07.05.07, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativeAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativeAdverb
adverb interrogative
interrogative adverb
EAGLES Adverb with Wh-Type="Interrogative".
Interrogative adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. "When are you
coming?" (Angelika Adam)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LocationAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LocationAdverb
adverb location
location adverb
ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#LocationAdverb
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MannerAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MannerAdverb
adverb manner
manner adverb
ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#MannerAdverb
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http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModifierAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ModifierAdverb
adverb modifier
modifier adverb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb
Adverb/Type="modifier" is used in the English, Romanian and Hungarian MTE v4
specs. For Romanian, Adverb/Type="modifier" applies to adverbs which can have
predicative role, that is they can govern a subordinate sentence (ex. Fireşte că o
ştiu -- Certainly I know it). Here (for uniformity within a multilingual
environment), they are squeezed into the modifier class. (MTE v4) e.g., better (en)
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NegativeAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NegativeAdverb
adverb negative
negative adverb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb
to be modelled as SemanticRole (cf. CausalAdverb) ?
Adverb/Type="negative" are used in the Serbian and Romanian MTE v4 specs, e.g.,
for Romanian nicăieri - nowhere, niciodată - never. (MTE v4)
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronominalAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PronominalAdverb
adverb pronominal
pronominal adverb
EAGLES Adverb with Adverb-Type="Pronominal". Against the EAGLES definition given
below, pronominal adverbs can but don't have to be used for pronominal references,
thus this special and diachronically important case is better described by the join
of this with personal pronoun.
Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them)
and an NP, cf. English therefore lit. "for this (reason, ...)", German deswegen lit.
"because of this (reason, ...)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html
21.09.06, examples Ch. Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativeAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativeAdverb
adverb relative
relative adverb
EAGLES Adverb with Wh-Type="Relative".
The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place
'where' I met you.", "The reason 'why' I did it."
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.33, 07.05.07)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbalAdverb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbalAdverb
adverb verbal
verbal adverb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb
Adverb/Type="verbal" applies to adverbs derived from from verbs (verbal adverbs)
in the Serbian, Macedonian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. Macedonian verbal adverbs
(gerunds) like odejkji are thus not considered as verbal forms, but as
Adverb/Type="verbal". (MTE v4)
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adverbial
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Adverbial
adverbial
Bies et al. 1995
-ADV (adverbial) — marks a constituent other than ADVP or PP when it is used
adverbially (e.g., NPs or free (“headless”) relatives). However, constituents that
themselves are modifying an ADVP generally do not get -ADV. (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHTypeAdverbs
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHTypeAdverbs
adverbs whtype
whtype adverbs
TODO: rename to WHTypeAdverb
EAGLES Adverb with Polarity="Wh-type".
See remarks on WHPronoun, this is actually a language-specific trait and should
probably be removed.
Adverb that serves to express interrogativity, exclamation or that serves to link
a subordinate clause to the matrix clause. (Ch. Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Affix
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Affix
affix
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234
Letter or group of letters which are added to a word to make a new word. (Sue
Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NotTemporallyAnchored
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NotTemporallyAnchored
anchored temporally not
not temporally anchored
A replacement for TDS Habitual that is modelled here as an Aspect: Habitual tense
pertains to verbs which refer to an action that occurs repeatedly.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense)
To be used for actions that are not bound to a particular reference point.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OtherAnimacy
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OtherAnimacy
animacy other
other animacy
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953
Perceived as related to animacy, but without specific reference to the previous
items. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953)
subClassOf animacy (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Animate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Animate
animate
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911
Perceived as alive. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911)
subClassOf animacy (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#UnitOfAnnotation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:UnitOfAnnotation
annotation of unit
unit of annotation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Anticausative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Anticausative
anticausative
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Anticausative This is a semantic manipulation of
the verb frame (and thus limited to a specific semantic class of verbs) rather than
a grammatical device for the manipulation of argument structure, therefore
classified as Active here.
An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct
object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive.
(Siewierska 1988:267) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Anticausative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Antipassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Antipassive
antipassive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Antipassive
Derives an intransitive verb from a transitive stem whereby the original agent
(only) is cross-referrenced by the absolutive markers on the verb and the original
patient, if it appears, is in an oblique phrase. (England 1983:110)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Antipassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsolutiveAntipassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbsolutiveAntipassive
antipassive absolutive
absolutive antipassive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassive
An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is suppressed or overtly absent.
(Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FocusAntipassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FocusAntipassive
antipassive focus
focus antipassive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassive
Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned
Focus salience. Topic salience is available for assignment to various arguments,
including the P, but Focus salience is always assigned to A, and is therefore
inaccessible to P or any other nominal. (Klaiman 1991:236)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IncorporatingAntipassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IncorporatingAntipassive
antipassive incorporating
incorporating antipassive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassive
Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned
Focus salience. This correlates with the P's morphosyntactic downgrading, whereby it
becomes insusceptible to any informational salience assignment. (Klaiman 1991:236)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonabsolutiveAntipassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonabsolutiveAntipassive
antipassive nonabsolutive
nonabsolutive antipassive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonabsolutiveAntipassive
An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is overtly downgraded. (Klaiman
1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonabsolutiveAntipassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Aorist
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Aorist
aorist
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240
Simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective
and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions.
(www.helsinki.fi/~bontchev/grammar/index.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Apocope
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Apocope
apocope
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254
deletion of the final element in a word (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Apposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Apposition
apposition
Apposition is a relation between two phrases: (1) the nucleus phrase and (2) an
appositive phrase, generally set o by punctuation, which modi es the nucleus phrase.
An example of apposition is given in (@11). (11) Ryukichi Imai, Japan’s ambassador
to Mexico, agrees that Mexico may be too eager. Here, Ryukichi Imai is the nucleus
phrase, and the phrase enclosed in commas, Japan’s ambassador to Mexico, is the
appositive. Instances of apposition should be represented as adjunction structures
(see Section 3.1). (Santorini 1991)
added in accordance with TIGER, definition according to PTB Bracketing Guidelines
(Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExpletiveArgument
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExpletiveArgument
argument expletive
expletive argument
Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are
traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument),
correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es
(structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). ... The formal
subject obligatorily occurs with weather verbs, e.g. "Es regnet" and unpersonal or
agentless constructions such as "Es gibt so eine Buchung" or "Es geht um populäre
Unterhaltung." Some verbs optionally permit an expletive subject but also occur with
referential subjects such as "Max/Es kopft an der Tür." A formal object is found in
constructions like "jmd. legt es an auf etw." or "jmd. verdirbt es mit jmdm." In all
examples mentioned, es functions as a grammatical argument without semantic
contribution, i.e. it does not refer to a person, object, or event. (Telljohann et
al. 2009, p.60f)
TüBa-D/Z
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MeasureArgument
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MeasureArgument
argument measure
measure argument
added in conformance with TIGER
TODO: check definition
added in conformance with TIGER
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticArgument
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticArgument
argument syntactic
syntactic argument
added to account for TIGER edge labels with syntactic function
An inherent (morpho)syntactic constituent subcategorized for by a
predicate.<br/> 'Arguments are those terms which are required by some
predicate in order to form a complete nuclear predication. They are essential to the
integrity of the SoA designated by the predicate frame. If we leave them out, the
property/relation designated by the predicate is not fulfilled or satisfied.' (Dik,
1997:86f)<br/> An argument can be a controller in an agreement relation.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticArgument)<br/>
The category ARG is assigned to those syntactic constituents that appear as
obligatory complements to the main verb. This means that they cannot be left out
without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. (Dipper et
al. 2007, §4.3.3)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FusedPrepArt
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FusedPrepArt
art prep fused
fused prep art
EAGLES Adposition with Type="FusedPrepArt"
The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find
it practical to split fused words such as French au (= à + le) into two text words.
This very common phenomenon of a fused preposition + article in West European
languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning two tags to the same
orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Article
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Article
article
EAGLE top-level category "Article" (AT): In Eagles articles are subsumed under
determiners and kept as a separate class. It is a sub-class of determiners which is
disjoint with the other determiner classes.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recn 18.09.06) Modelled here as
sub-class of Determiner because of its syntactic function.
An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's
definite or indefinite reference, and the new or given status.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm
02.05.07)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DefiniteArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DefiniteArticle
article definite
definite article
EAGLES Article with Article-Type="Definite".
A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a
particular member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29
18.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CliticDefiniteArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CliticDefiniteArticle
article definite clitic
clitic definite article
cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDistalDeterminer
clitic definite determiner, e.g., in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Romanian
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDeterminerType)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FullDefiniteArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FullDefiniteArticle
article definite full
full definite article
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928
For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause.
(DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928)
DCR: "full article" in dcif:conceptualDomain definiteness, remodelled as a
property of DefiniteArticles here
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ShortDefiniteArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ShortDefiniteArticle
article definite short
short definite article
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927 (short article)
For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the
clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927)
DCR: subClassOf definiteness (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndefiniteArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndefiniteArticle
article indefinite
indefinite article
EAGLES Article with Article-Type="Indefinite".
An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a
group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonspecificArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonspecificArticle
article nonspecific
nonspecific article
introduced in analogy with SpecificArticle
"By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two
readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the
specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In
the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002)
likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific
reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse
referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic
instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3)
are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor
indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII.
The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425.
University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific
vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PartitiveArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PartitiveArticle
article partitive
partitive article
TODO: Check relationship with PartitiveDeterminer
EAGLES Article with Article-Type="Partitive". (optional for French)
A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no
partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function.
An example is French du / de la / des, as in Voulez-vous du café? ("Do you want some
coffee?" or "Do you want coffee"). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessiveArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessiveArticle
article possessive
possessive article
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle
not to be confused with PoessiveDeterminer
In Romanian, the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element
in the structure of the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al meu
(mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of the indefinite genitive forms of the
nouns (e.g. capitol al cărţii (chapter of the book)), e.g., -al/al, a/al, ai/al, al,
ale/al, alor/al (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SpecificArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SpecificArticle
article specific
specific article
introduced to account for the specific determiner in Farsi
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer)
"By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two
readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the
specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In
the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002)
likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific
reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse
referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic
instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3)
are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor
indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII.
The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425.
University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific
vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CliticSpecificArticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CliticSpecificArticle
article specific clitic
clitic specific article
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer
Persian does have an article, but it marks specificity rather than definiteness.
The Persian article is similar to the Balkan one (a clitic of pronominal origin
that's written together with the word), except that it isn't exactly definite (you
can even see it described as an indefinite article). (Ivan A. Derzhanski, p.c.
2010/06/18)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CessativeAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CessativeAspect
aspect cessative
cessative aspect
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001
Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state. (SIL;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001)
subClassOf aspect (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ContinuousAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ContinuousAspect
aspect continuous
continuous aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Continuous
Similar to progressive, however an aspect is continuous versus progressive when
it is anchored to non-punctual time reference (Salaberry 2002:264).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Continuous)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DurativeAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DurativeAspect
aspect durative
durative aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Durative
Events which involve some duration (Bhat 1999:58).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Durative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DynamicAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DynamicAspect
aspect dynamic
dynamic aspect
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#dynamicityAspect
dynamic aspect
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#dynamicityAspect)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FrequentiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FrequentiveAspect
aspect frequentive
frequentive aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Frequentive
Events which are frequently repeated, differs from habitual in that it can only
be based upon the observation of several occurrences of the event concerned, whereas
habitual can be based upon the observation of a single occurrence (Bhat 1999: 53).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Frequentive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HabitualAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HabitualAspect
aspect habitual
habitual aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Habitual (as Aspect),
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense (as
Tense), modelled as an aspect here (temporally unmarked Habitual should be modelled
as NotTemporallyAnchored)
Habitual tense pertains to verbs which refer to an action that occurs repeatedly.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense) Refers
to the internal temporal contour of a situation — a repeated situation that occupies
a large slice of time. Can be based on the observation of a single occurrence. (Bhat
1999:177) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Habitual)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImperfectiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImperfectiveAspect
aspect imperfective
imperfective aspect
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperfectiveAspect,
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Imperfective
The Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with
respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm
17.11.06) The imperfective aspects ... do not view the situation as bounded, but
rather as ongoing in either a durative, continuative or habitual sense (Bybee
1985:21)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperfectiveAspect) A
viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s lack of attention to the endpoints of
the situation referred to. Imperfective aspect is the prototypical mode of
presentation for states (Michaelis 1998:xiv).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Imperfective)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InceptiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InceptiveAspect
aspect inceptive
inceptive aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inceptive
InceptiveAspect, also called the ingressive, encodes the beginning portion of
some event (Bybee 1985: 147, 149; Payne 1997: 240; Bhat 1999:176).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inceptive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IterativeAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IterativeAspect
aspect iterative
iterative aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Iterative
IterativeAspect, also called repetitives, encodes a number of events of the same
type that are repeated on a particular occasion. The time interval which is relevant
to the iterative is relatively shorter than in the case of the habitual (Bybee 1985:
150; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127). Portrays events repeated on the same
occasion (like the iterative knocking on the door) (Bhat 1999: 53)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Iterative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PerfectiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PerfectiveAspect
aspect perfective
perfective aspect
EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perfective
The perfective aspects (inceptive, punctual and completive) view the situation as
a bounded entity, and often put an emphasis on its beginning or end. (Bybee 1985:21)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#perfectiveAspect) The
Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state
as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the
time in which it occurs.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm
17.11.06) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s willingness to attend to
the endpoints of the situation referred to. Perfective aspect is the canonical mode
of presentation for events (Michaelis 1998: xv).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perfective)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PhasalAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PhasalAspect
aspect phasal
phasal aspect
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#phaseAspect,
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phasal
A set of aspectual distinctions involving relations between a background
situation (the reference situation) and a situation located relative to the
reference situation (the denoted situation). In English, phasal distinctions are
expressed by auxiliary-headed constructions, like the inceptive, progressive, and
perfect constructions, whose head verbs express the aspectual class of the denoted
situation. The aspectual class of the denoted situation differs from that of the
reference situation (Michaelis 1998:xv). An event may have a beginning and an end, a
middle portion (continuing or changing), and also an ensuing result or an altered
state. These are considered to be the various “phases‽ of an event. A speaker may
talk about an event from the point of view of any of these individual phases, and
his language may have inflectional (or other type of) markers for representing these
distinctions. Since such markers indicate distinctions in the temporal structure of
an event, we may regard them as belonging to the category of aspect. It has been
suggested (Dik 1989: 186) that these may be grouped under a subcategory (or “level")
of aspect called “phasal aspect". (Bhat 1999:49)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phasal)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProgressiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProgressiveAspect
aspect progressive
progressive aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Progressive
ProgressiveAspect, also called the continuative or the durative, encodes a single
event as an ongoing process. Thus, states cannot generally be encoded with the
progressive (Comrie 1976: 32-35; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127-139; Payne
1997: 240). An exponent of phasal aspect which expresses a stative situation that
holds during the time at which an event is occurring (e. g., He is fixing the fence)
(Michaelis 1998:xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Progressive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PurposiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PurposiveAspect
aspect purposive
purposive aspect
adapted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages),
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PurposiveAspect
The purposive aspect appears to add the notion of intention or probability, both
negative and positive. (Steckley, 2007, p. 14, about Huron) (John Steckley, 2007,
Words of the Huron, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QuantificationalAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QuantificationalAspect
aspect quantificational
quantificational aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Quantificational,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#quantitativeAspect
A speaker may report an event as occurring once only (semelfactive) or several
times (iterative); he may view it as a specific event or as part of a general habit
of carrying out similar events; he may also differentiate between different degrees
of frequency with which the event occurs. The markers that a given language provides
for one or more of these meaning distinctions can be grouped under a subcategory
called “quantificational aspect", as all of them refer to the quantitative aspect of
the event concerned (Bhat 1999:53).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Quantificational)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelevanceAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelevanceAspect
aspect relevance
relevance aspect
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relevanceAspect
relevance aspect
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relevanceAspect)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SemelfactiveAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SemelfactiveAspect
aspect semelfactive
semelfactive aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Semelfactive
Momentaneous, without an inherent end-point, as sneeze (Michaelis 1998:xvi).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Semelfactive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SimpleAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SimpleAspect
aspect simple
simple aspect
ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#SimpleAspect
TODO: check whether this is properly defined
non-progressive, non-purposive aspect (for Indian languages defined by
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#SimpleAspect)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TerminativeAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TerminativeAspect
aspect terminative
terminative aspect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Terminative
Denotes the termination of an event (Bhat 1999: 92).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Terminative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#UnaccomplishedAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:UnaccomplishedAspect
aspect unaccomplished
unaccomplished aspect
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217
aspect that expresses an event or state that is not finished.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217)
subClassOf aspect (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PointOfViewAspect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PointOfViewAspect
aspect view of point
point of view aspect
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#viewPointAspect
point of view aspect
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#viewPointAspect)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Atransitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Atransitive
atransitive
Chiarcos
A predicate/verb that takes no argument. English "to rain" is semantically
atransitive, hence, an expletive is to be used in "it's raining", cf. van Valin and
Lapolla (1997).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GenitiveAttribute
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GenitiveAttribute
attribute genitive
genitive attribute
added in conformance to the TIGER scheme
TODO: check definition
added in conformance to the TIGER scheme
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BeAuxiliary
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BeAuxiliary
auxiliary be
be auxiliary
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246
Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement
or complementing phrase in certain languages. This verb could be used also to form
the passive voice. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=be -> 4);
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HaveAuxiliary
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HaveAuxiliary
auxiliary have
have auxiliary
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299
The verb have as an auxiliary.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CloseAngleBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CloseAngleBracket
bracket angle close
close angle bracket
PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
> *RAB* Right angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OpenAngleBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OpenAngleBracket
bracket angle open
open angle bracket
PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
< *LAB* Left angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CloseBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CloseBracket
bracket close
close bracket
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083
Punctuation that is graphically represented by ]
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CloseCurlyBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CloseCurlyBracket
bracket curly close
close curly bracket
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085
Punctuation that is graphically represented by }
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OpenCurlyBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OpenCurlyBracket
bracket curly open
open curly bracket
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084
Punctuation that is graphically represented as {
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OpenBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OpenBracket
bracket open
open bracket
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082
Punctuation that is represented graphically as [
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LeftSentenceBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LeftSentenceBracket
bracket sentence left
left sentence bracket
In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions:
verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb
complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit.
The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second
clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The
positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which
divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field),
and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the
linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte
Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and
the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CloseSquareBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CloseSquareBracket
bracket square close
close square bracket
PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
] *RSB* Right square bracket (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OpenSquareBracket
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OpenSquareBracket
bracket square open
open square bracket
PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
[ *LSB* Left square bracket (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Bullet
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Bullet
bullet
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
Sign used to mark an item in a list. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbessiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbessiveCase
case abessive
abessive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Abessive,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1223
AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks.
It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3,35;
Gove, et al. 1966: 3). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Abessive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AblativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AblativeCase
case ablative
ablative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Ablative,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224
Case used to indicate locative or instrumental function.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224) AblativeCase expresses that the referent of
the noun it marks is the location from which another referent is moving. It has the
meaning 'from'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Ablative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsolutiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbsolutiveCase
case absolutive
absolutive case
TDS Ontology, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1225
Absolutive case marks the first argument of an intransitive verb and the second
argument of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absolutiveCase)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdessiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdessiveCase
case adessive
adessive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Adessive,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1228
AdessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
near/at which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'at' or 'near' (Crystal
1997: 8). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Adessive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AditiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AditiveCase
case aditive
aditive case
TODO: rename to AdditiveCase
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229
Case expressing "to" in Basque studies.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AllativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AllativeCase
case allative
allative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Allative;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1236
AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks (Pei
and Gaynor 1954: 6,9,216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213; Gove, et al. 1966:
55,2359). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Allative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BenefactiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BenefactiveCase
case benefactive
benefactive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Benefactive;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1247
BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the
benefit of the situation expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 43; Gove, et al.
1966: 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Benefactive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CausativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CausativeCase
case causative
causative case
Case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the
situation expressed by the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253)
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ComitativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ComitativeCase
case comitative
comitative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1255
ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or
'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R.
1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ContablativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ContablativeCase
case contablative
contablative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contablative
ContablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
from near which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from near'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contablative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ContallativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ContallativeCase
case contallative
contallative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contallative
ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the
referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contallative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConterminativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConterminativeCase
case conterminative
conterminative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Conterminative
ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of
the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning
'moving into the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Conterminative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ContlativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ContlativeCase
case contlative
contlative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contlative
ContlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
in the vicinity of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'in the
vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contlative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DativeCase
case dative
dative case
EAGLES
Dative case marks indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to
exist), or nouns having the role of a recipient (as of things given), a beneficiary
of an action, or a possessor of an item.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsDativeCase.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DelativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DelativeCase
case delative
delative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Delative,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1268
DelativeCase expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks
(Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53; Gove, et al. 1966: 595).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Delative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectCase
case direct
direct case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DirectCase
In the Romanian case system the value 'direct' conflates 'nominative' and
'accusative', e.g., -acea/acel, -aceasta/acesta, -această/acest
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DirectCase)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DistributiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DistributiveCase
case distributive
distributive case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DistributiveCase
The distributive case is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each, e.g.,
Hungarian egyenként/egy, hetenként/hét, ilyenként/ily, kéthetenként/kéthét,
rekordonként/rekord, tömbönként/tömb, vércsoportonként/vércsoport In Hungarian it is
-nként and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one
by one (e.g., fejenként "per head", esetenként "in some case"), or the frequency in
time (hetenként "once a week", tízpercenként "every ten minutes"). In the Finnish
language, this adverb type is rare, even rarer in the singular. Its ending is
-ttain/-ttäin. The basic meaning is "separately for each". For example, maa
("country") becomes maittain for an expression like Laki ratifioidaan maittain ("The
law is ratified separately in each country"). It can be used to distribute the
action to frequent points in time, e.g., päivä (day) has the plural distributive
päivittäin (each day). It can mean also "in (or with) regard to the (cultural)
perspective" when combined with a word referring to an inhabitant (-lais-).
Frequently Finns (suomalaiset) say that suomalaisittain tuntuu oudolta, että, or "in
the Finnish perspective, it feels strange that".
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DistributiveCase,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_case)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ElativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ElativeCase
case elative
elative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Elative, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1276,
note that the latter conflates ElativeDegree and ElativeCase
ElativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location out
of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'out of' (Lyons 1968: 299;
Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106; Gove, et al. 1966: 730).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Elative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EquativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EquativeCase
case equative
equative case
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279
Case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. It
can have meaning, such as: 'as', 'like', or 'in the capacity of'.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ErgativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ErgativeCase
case ergative
ergative case
TDS Ontology
In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject of a
transitive verb. In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most
salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#ergativeCase with
reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EssiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EssiveCase
case essive
essive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Essive,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1281
EssiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location at
which another referent exists (Lyons 1968: 299,301; Gove, et al. 1966: 778; Crystal
1985: 112; Blake 1994: 154-5). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Essive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FactiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FactiveCase
case factive
factive case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FactiveCase
case category of the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., amilyenné/amilyen,
azzá/az, erőddé/erő, jelmezeivé/jelmez, jelükké/jel, kevéssé/kevés, Kissé/Kiss,
legjelentéktelenebbekké/jelentéktelen (hu)
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FactiveCase)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FormalCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FormalCase
case formal
formal case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FormalCase
In Hungarian, `essive-formal' is in some descriptions simply called `formal', with
the affix _-képp(en)_ and meaning (`in the form of ...', they probably meant when
they came up with the term). In the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, essive-formal and
formal are distinguished. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/15,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FormalCase)<br/>
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EssiveFormalCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EssiveFormalCase
case formal essive
essive formal case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EssiveFormalCase
The Hungarian "formativus, or essivus-formalis `-ként' ... usually expresses a
position, task and manner of the person or the thing." (Nose 2003), e.g., Hungarian
'katonaként' -> [serves] as a soldier. (Csaba Oravecz, email
2010/06/15)<br/><br/> "Haspelmath & Buchholz (1998:321) explained
the function of the essive case as ``role phrases''. Role phrases represent the role
of the function in which a participant appears. They regard the role phrases as
adverbial." (Nose 2003, p. 117)<br/> In the Hungarian language this case
combines the Essive case and the Formal case, and it can express the position, task,
state (e.g. "as a tourist"), or the manner (e.g. "like a hunted animal"). The status
of the suffix -ként in the declension system is disputed for several reasons. First,
in general, Hungarian case suffixes are absolute word-final, while -ként permits
further suffixation by the locative suffix -i. Second, most Hungarian case endings
participate in vowel harmony, while -ként does not. For these reasons, many modern
analyses of the Hungarian case system, starting with László Antal's "A magyar
esetrendszer" (1961) do not consider the essive/formal to be a case.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essive-formal_case)<br/> cf. Masahiko Nose
(2003), Adverbial Usage of the Hungarian Essive Case
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GenitiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GenitiveCase
case genitive
genitive case
EAGLES-recommended case feature
Genitive case signals that the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of
the referent of another noun, e.g. "the man's foot". In some languages, genitive
case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IllativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IllativeCase
case illative
illative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Illative;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1303
IllativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
into which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'into' (Lyons 1968: 299;
Gove, et al. 1966: 1126; Crystal 1985: 152).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Illative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InablativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InablativeCase
case inablative
inablative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inablative
InablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
from within which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from within'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inablative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InallativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InallativeCase
case inallative
inallative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inallative
InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is
inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inallative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InessiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InessiveCase
case inessive
inessive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inessive,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1311
InessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
within which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'within' or 'inside'
(Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1156; Crystal 1985: 156). X in Y.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inessive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InstrumentalCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InstrumentalCase
case instrumental
instrumental case
TDS Ontology,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#instrumentalCase-grammatical;
GOLD, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Instrumental;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1316
InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of
the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Instrumental)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterablativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterablativeCase
case interablative
interablative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interablative
InterablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the
location from between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from
inbetween'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interablative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterallativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterallativeCase
case interallative
interallative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interallative
InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in
the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the
middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interallative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InteressiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InteressiveCase
case interessive
interessive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interessive
InteressiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
between which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'between'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interessive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterlativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterlativeCase
case interlative
interlative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interlative
InterlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'to the middle of'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interlative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterminativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterminativeCase
case interminative
interminative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative
'into in(side of)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterterminativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterterminativeCase
case interterminative
interterminative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative
InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of
the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the
middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IntertranslativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IntertranslativeCase
case intertranslative
intertranslative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intertranslative
IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory
between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intertranslative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IntranslativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IntranslativeCase
case intranslative
intranslative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intranslative
IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent
of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intranslative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LativeCase
case lative
lative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Lative;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1323
LativeCase expresses 'motion up to the location of,' or 'as far as' the referent
of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121; Gove, et al. 1966: 1277).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Lative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LocationalCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LocationalCase
case locational
locational case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Locational
Category of case that denotes that the referent of the noun it marks is a
location. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Locational)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LocativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LocativeCase
case locative
locative case
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326
Case that indicates a final location of action or a time of the action.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MalefactiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MalefactiveCase
case malefactive
malefactive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Malefactive
Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is negatively affected in
the clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Malefactive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MultiplicativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MultiplicativeCase
case multiplicative
multiplicative case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultiplicativeCase
A case used in the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g.,
tizennegyedszer/tizennegyed, tucatszor/tucat, tízezredszer/tízezred (hu)
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultiplicativeCase)
The multiplicative case is a grammatical case used for marking a number of
something ("three times"). The case is found in the Hungarian language, for example
nyolc (eight), nyolcszor (eight times). The case appears also in Finnish as an
adverbial (adverb-forming) case. Used with a cardinal number it denotes the number
of actions; for example, viisi (five) -> viidesti (five times). Used with
adjectives it refers to the mean of the action, corresponding the English suffix
-ly: kaunis (beautiful) -> kauniisti (beautifully). It is also used with a small
number of nouns: leikki (play) -> leikisti (just kidding, not really). In
addition, it acts as an intensifier when used with a swearword: piru -> pirusti.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_case)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ObliqueCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ObliqueCase
case oblique
oblique case
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336; in EAGLES applied to non-subject pronouns in
English and Dutch
Case that is used when a noun is the object of a verb or a proposition, except
for nominative and vocative case. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PartitiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PartitiveCase
case partitive
partitive case
TDS ontology; http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Partitive;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2003
The partitive case is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without
result", or "without specific identity".
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#partitiveCase with
reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitive) PartitiveCase expresses the
partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the
whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items
such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals
or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It
often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161;
Richards, Platt, and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk, et al. 1985: 249; Gove, et al. 1966:
1648; Sebeok 1946: 1214). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Partitive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PerlativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PerlativeCase
case perlative
perlative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perlative
PerlativeCase expresses that something moved 'through','across', or 'along' the
referent of the noun that is marked (Blake 1998: 38, 203).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perlative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessedCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessedCase
case possessed
possessed case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Possessed
PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the
referent of another noun. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Possessed)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PrepositionalCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PrepositionalCase
case prepositional
prepositional case
Prepositional case is an in EAGLES optional value of CaseFeature for Spanish
pronouns and determiners. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2v
15.11.06)
In many grammars, the term "prepositional case" is to refer to case marking that
only occurs in combination with prepositions. Normally, this is an oblique case,
e.g., the Russian 6th case, also referred to as "locative". (Ch. Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProlativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProlativeCase
case prolative
prolative case
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368
Case for a noun or a pronoun that expresses motion within a place or a period of
time needed for an event. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProprietiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProprietiveCase
case proprietive
proprietive case
TDS Ontology,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#proprietiveCase-grammatical
Proprietive case marks a possessional relation, i.e. 'having' something.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#proprietiveCase-grammatical)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PurposiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PurposiveCase
case purposive
purposive case
added in accordance with the ILPOSTS tagset for a case marker (postposition) in
Indian languages, cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PurposiveCase
Purposive marks the goal of an activity, e.g., 'going out FOR (i.e. to catch)
KANGAROOS'; 'call them FOR (i.e. to eat) FOOD'. The common purposive suffix -gu is a
recurrent suffix on verbs ... The purposive case suffix is often used on a
nominalised clause (and this may possibly be the origin of the verbal purposive).
(Dixon 2002, p.134, on purposive case in [several] Australian languages) R.M.W.
Dixon (2002), Australian Languages. CUP, Cambridge
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SociativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SociativeCase
case sociative
sociative case
adopted from http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388
TODO: check whether this is really different from comitative
Case related to the person in whose company the action is carried out, or to any
belongings of people which take part in the action.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubablativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubablativeCase
case subablative
subablative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subablative
SubablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
from under which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from under'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subablative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuballativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuballativeCase
case suballative
suballative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Suballative
SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is
under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that
is under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Suballative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubessiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubessiveCase
case subessive
subessive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subessive
SubessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
under which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'under' or 'beneath'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subessive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SublativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SublativeCase
case sublative
sublative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Sublative;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1392
SublativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
under which another referent is moving toward. It has the meaning 'towards the
underneath of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Sublative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubterminativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubterminativeCase
case subterminative
subterminative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subterminative
SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under
the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning
'into the region under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subterminative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubtranslativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubtranslativeCase
case subtranslative
subtranslative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subtranslative
SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory
underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region
underneath'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a feature of adjectives.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subtranslative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuperablativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuperablativeCase
case superablative
superablative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superablative
Superablative expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
from over which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from over'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superablative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuperallativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuperallativeCase
case superallative
superallative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superallative
SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is
above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that
is over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superallative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuperessiveCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuperessiveCase
case superessive
superessive case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superessive,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1396
SuperessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
on which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'on' or 'upon'. (Pei and
Gaynor 1954: 207, Gove, et al. 1966: 2293).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superessive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuperlativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuperlativeCase
case superlative
superlative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superlative
SuperlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location
onto which another referent is moving. It has the meaning of 'onto'. Unfortunate
name clash with 'Superlative' as a property of adjectives.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superlative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuperterminativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuperterminativeCase
case superterminative
superterminative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superterminative
SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region
over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the
meaning 'into the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superterminative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SupertranslativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SupertranslativeCase
case supertranslative
supertranslative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Supertranslative
SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory
above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Supertranslative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TemporalisCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TemporalisCase
case temporalis
temporalis case
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#TemporalisCase
The so-called Temporalis Case is formed in Hungarian with -kor. Expresses a point
of time or a period. (http://member.melbpc.org.au/~tmajlath/form-suffix.html)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TerminativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TerminativeCase
case terminative
terminative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401
Case that indicates to what or where something ends.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401) TerminativeCase expresses the notion of
something into but not further than (ie, not through) the referent of the noun it
marks. It has the meaning 'into but not through'.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TranslativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TranslativeCase
case translative
translative case
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Translative,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1406
TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the
adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change (Lyons 1968: 299301,
Gove, et al. 1966: 813,2429, Sebeok 1946: 17, Hakulinen 1961: 70). X along, across
Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Translative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VocativeCase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VocativeCase
case vocative
vocative case
EAGLES-recommended case feature
Vocative case marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsVocativeCase.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MorphologicalCategory
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MorphologicalCategory
category morphological
morphological category
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MorphosyntacticCategory
category morphosyntactic
morphosyntactic category
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Causative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Causative
causative
TODO: rename to CausativeVoice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Causative, cf. Anticausative
Expressing the causation of an action.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Causative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Character
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Character
character
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Circumposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Circumposition
circumposition
EAGLES adposition with optional attribute Type="Circumposition". The relationship
between circumpositions and pre-/postpositions in EAGLES is not clear. We do not
prohibit Circumpositions from being Prepositions or Postpositions, though the EAGLES
feature assignment (with all optional values implemented) would possibly rule this
out. (Chiarcos)
A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part
after. It is much less common than prepositions or postpositions.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NumeralAgreementClass
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NumeralAgreementClass
class agreement numeral
numeral agreement class
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Classifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Classifier
classifier
Added for compatibility with the SFB632 annotation guidelines.
A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm
19.09.06) Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages. In some Asian
languages, classifiers are used as particles to combine a noun with a numeral, e.g.
chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three people' (Bußmann 2002, under
Klassifikator) Bharati et al. (2006, for Indian languages) group Classifiers
together with Quantifiers and Numerals, but they do not provide a detailed
characterization of this class. Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai,
Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk
Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre
IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006,
http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Clause
clause
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ComplementClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ComplementClause
clause complement
complement clause
Santorini 1991
In noun phrases like the fact that she is late, the subordinate clause that she is
late is a complement of the noun fact and should not be confused with a relative
clause. (Note that the embedded clause she is late is not missing a constituent; by
contrast, in a relative clause construction like the TV that she bought the other
day, the clause that she bought the other day is incomplete.) The entire noun phrase
should be bracketed as a sister of the head noun. (NP the fact (SBAR that (S (NP
she) (VP is (ADJP late))))) (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalClause
clause conditional
conditional clause
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#conditionalClause
Conditional clauses refer to a hypothetical situation, in English they are
introduced by 'if' or 'unless'.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#conditionalClause)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordinateClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CoordinateClause
clause coordinate
coordinate clause
adopted from
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#coordinateClause
A coordinate clause is a clause belonging to a series of two or more clauses
which are not syntactically dependent on one another, and are joined by means of a
coordinate conjunction, a connective or parataxis.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsACoordinateClause.htm).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CosubordinateClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CosubordinateClause
clause cosubordinate
cosubordinate clause
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#non-embeddedSubordinateClause
Termed "cosubordination" here in accordance with van Valin and LaPolla (1997)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FiniteClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FiniteClause
clause finite
finite clause
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatingConjunctionWithFiniteClause
clause finite with conjunction subordinating
subordinating conjunction with finite clause
EAGLES
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause
with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MainClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MainClause
clause main
main clause
MainClause is the class of clauses that can stand on their own as a full,
independent sentence. If a sentence contains any embedded clauses, the main clause
is understood as the matrix plus the embedded clauses. In the sentence 'John thinks
that Mary is sick', 'John thinks that Mary is sick' is the main clause [Crystal
2001, 231]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MainClause) The independent clause can
stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Multiple independent
clauses can be joined (usually with a comma and a coordinating conjunction) to form
a compound sentence
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#mainClause with
reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativeClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativeClause
clause relative
relative clause
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeClause
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun. For example, the
noun phrase [the man who wasn't there] contains the noun [man], which is modified by
the relative clause [who wasn't there]
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeClause with
reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause and Dik 1997) There are
three di erent types of relative clauses in English (be careful not to confuse
relative clauses and complement clauses): (i) wh-relative clauses (a guy who(m) I
know), (ii) that-relative clauses (a guy that I know), and (iii) zero relative
clauses (a guy I know). (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReducedRelativeClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReducedRelativeClause
clause relative reduced
reduced relative clause
Santorini 1991
RRC (reduced relative clause) Reduced relative clauses are adjoined to the NP they
modify. (Bies et al. 1995) We will use the term \reduced relative clause" to refer
to participial or adjectival constituents of the type illustrated in (@26). (26) He
bought two watches designed by Paloma Picasso. Reduced relative clauses should be
bracketed as adjunction structures. The structure of ( 26) is thus as in (@27). Note
that the reduced relative clause, which is headed by a participle, is bracketed as a
VP. (27) (S (NP He) (VP bought (NP (NP two watches) (VP designed (PP by (PNP (PNP
Paloma) (PNP Picasso)))))) .) (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinateClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinateClause
clause subordinate
subordinate clause
Subclassification here follows the functional subclassification of subordinate
clauses in the TDS ontologies. GOLD proposes an alternative syntax-based
subclassification (yet without documentation or explanation) in AdjunctSubordinate
and ComplementSubordinate. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ComplementSubordinate,
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjunctSubordinate)
SubordinateClause is the class of clauses that cannot stand on their own as
sentences. A matrix clause combined with a subordinate clause form a main clause. In
the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'Mary is sick' is the subordinate
clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubordinateClause) Dependent clauses
(which are also sometimes referred to as subordinate clauses) cannot stand alone as
sentences. They usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. A sentence with an
independent clause and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a complex
sentence. One with two or more independent clauses and any number of dependent
clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause, cf.
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subordinateClause). A
subordinate clause is an embedded construction which contains a finite verb form.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#finiteEmbeddedConstruction)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdverbialSubordinateClause
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdverbialSubordinateClause
clause subordinate adverbial
adverbial subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses with adverbial function are annotated as ADV, e.g. "Tom
sleeps when the sun rises." (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.6)
added in conformance with the SFB632 Annotation Guidelines (Dipper et al.
2007)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ItCleft
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ItCleft
cleft it
it cleft
PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
-CLF (cleft) — marks it-clefts (“true” clefts) and may be added to the labels S,
SINV, or SQ. See section 16 [Clefts]. (SQ-CLF Was (NP-SBJ it) (NP-PRD (NP John's)
car) (SBAR (WHNP-6 0) (S (NP-SBJ you) (VP borrowed (NP *T*-6)))) ?) (Bies et al.
1995) S-CLF (it-cleft or “true” cleft) Declarative it-clefts are labeled S-CLF,
expletive it is tagged as the surface subject (-SBJ), the SBAR is attached at
VP-level, and a trace is coindexed to the wh-complementizer of the clefted portion.
(See section 16 [Clefts] for more information.) (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clitic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Clitic
clitic
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903 (cliticness),
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Cliticness
Categorization of the different types of clitics (MultText-East;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BoundClitic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BoundClitic
clitic bound
bound clitic
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933 (bound as value of cliticness
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933), originally from MULTEXT-East, see
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#BoundClitic, but note that as it is used
in MULTEXT-East, BoundClitic is ambiguous between "being" a bound clitic and
"containing a bound clitic". Here, only the first aspect is preserved, is is thus a
subclass of CliticElement.
Linked to a particular element. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933)
subClassOf cliticness (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ElementDemandingClitic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ElementDemandingClitic
clitic demanding element
element demanding clitic
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemandingClitic
Expression representing a lexeme with cliticization whose clitics are, however,
represented as a separate token
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ElementWithClitic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ElementWithClitic
clitic with element
element with clitic
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ElementWithClitic"
Expression representing a lexeme together with its clitics (Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ElementWithoutClitic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ElementWithoutClitic
clitic without element
element without clitic
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ElementWithoutClitic"
Expression representing a lexeme without any clitics (i.e. because of the absence
of cliticization or because the clitic is represented separately) (Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Cliticization
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Cliticization
cliticization
http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Cliticization;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903 (cliticness),
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Cliticness. Note that Cliticization covers
only one aspect of the original MULTEXT-East (and ISOcat) definitions of cliticness,
i.e., that an element is a clitic
In morphosyntax, cliticization is a process by which a complex word is formed by
attaching a clitic to a fully inflected word. Exsmple: In Je t'aime, t' is the
clitic attached to aime. (http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Cliticization) Note
that cliticization can also be understood as the process of an independent word
developing into a clitic. This is not the meaning intended here, as the OLiA
ontologies are currently not applied to the description of diachronic processes.
(Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Collective
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Collective
collective
Normally realized by derivation rather than inflection, unless other evidence is
provided, OLiA follows *both* the modelling of EAGLES (Collective rdf:type Number)
and the modelling of the MTE ontology (Collective rdf:type MorphologicalDerivation,
cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Collective)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Collocation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Collocation
collocation
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Collocation
A collocation is any habitually linked group of words - a kind of lexical
partnership, e.g. 'fish and chips', 'salt and pepper', 'don't mention it', 'it's
nothing...', 'Oh well!', 'bangers and mash'... and so on. Many idioms or idiomatic
phrases exhibit collocation, e.g. in a jiffy.
(http://www.englishbiz.co.uk/grammar/main_files/definitionsa-m.htm)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Colon
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Colon
colon
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439
Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce
an explanation, example or quotation. (Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SemiColon
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SemiColon
colon semi
semi colon
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446
Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Comma
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Comma
comma
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448
Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list.
(Longman DCE 2005; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InvertedComma
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InvertedComma
comma inverted
inverted comma
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443, used as left-parenthetical punctuation in
German single quotes
Inverted comma. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Comparative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Comparative
comparative
EAGLES, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1421
The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or
grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or
less in extent than that of another. In English the structure of a comparative
consists normally of the positive form of the adjective or adverb, plus the suffix
-er, or (especially in the case of longer words) the modifier "more" (or "less")
before the adjective or adverb. The form is usually completed by "than" and the noun
which is being compared, e.g. "he is taller than his father is", or "the village is
less picturesque than the town near by is".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WithComparative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WithComparative
comparative with
with comparative
EAGLES
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various
kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatingConjunctionWithComparative
comparative with conjunction subordinating
subordinating conjunction with comparative
EAGLES
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various
kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticComplement
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticComplement
complement syntactic
syntactic complement
A complement is a phrase that fits a particular slot in the syntax requirements
of a parent phrase (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29). An
additional (morpho)syntactic constituent that may be subcategorized for by the
predicate.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticComplement)
The complement is attached inside the VP, NP, ADJP, or PP. Verbs: The term
“complement” as it is used here refers to: 1. internal arguments such as NP objects,
S and SBAR with no adverbial dash tags (including some if-clauses, as in I wonder if
the Cubs are winning), and quoted constituents (including SINV and FRAG) 2. the
passive logical-subject by-phrase 3. VP 4. constituents tagged -BNF, -CLR, -DTV,
-PRD, and -PUT (S (NP-SBJ-1 the guide) (VP was (VP given (NP *-1) (PP-DTV to (NP
Arthur)) (PP by (NP-LGS Ford))))) Nouns: Since it is difficult to consistently
annotate an argument/adjunct distinction, all PP modifiers of nouns are
Chomsky-adjoined to the NP: (NP (NP a teacher) (PP of (NP chemistry))) Adjectives:
Except in comparatives, any modifier following an adjective is bracketed as a
complement. (ADJP eager/likely/ready (S to believe anything)) Prepositions: The NP
or S complement of a preposition is placed inside the PP. (Bies et al. 1995)
according to the PennTreebank definition (Bies et al. 1995), arguments are
complements
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ZeroComplementizer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ZeroComplementizer
complementizer zero
zero complementizer
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991)
0|Zero represents a zero complementizer (= subordinating conjunction); it may need
to be deleted. The zero complementizer is generally the counterpart of the overt
complementizer that. Example: Iâ¹m sure 0
heâ¹ll be here any minute. ... 0 stands in for overt
subordinating conjunctions like that in tensed subordinate clauses, including
relative clauses. So the relative clause the man I saw should be bracketed as
follows: (NP (NP the man) (SBAR 0 (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) (Santorini
1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbalComplex
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbalComplex
complex verbal
verbal complex
In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions:
verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb
complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit.
The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second
clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The
positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which
divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field),
and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the
linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte
Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and
the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) The Verbkomplex is a sequence of verb
forms. In verb-second and verb-first clauses it consists of one or more non-finite
elements or - depending on the verb - of a separable prefix. In verb-final clauses
it also contains the finite verb. The rule for the linear order in general is: right
determines left. If there is a finite verb in the verb complex, it is usually the
right-most element. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.15)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Conjugated
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Conjugated
conjugated
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207
Property of a verbal form when inflected (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Conjunct
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Conjunct
conjunct
TIGER edge label CJ
TIGER edge label CJ
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#hasSentenceConjunct
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:hasSentenceConjunct
conjunct sentence has
has sentence conjunct
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SentenceCoordinatingConjunction
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#hasWordConjunct
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:hasWordConjunct
conjunct word has
has word conjunct
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#WordCoordinatingConjunction
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#hasConjunct
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:hasConjunct
conjunct has
has conjunct
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CoordinatingConjunction_ConjunctType
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Conjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Conjunction
conjunction
EAGLES top-level concept Conjunction (C).
A conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents,
and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CoordinatingConjunction
conjunction coordinating
coordinating conjunction
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction
conjunction coordinating correlative
correlative coordinating conjunction
EAGLES,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction
Conjunction/Coord_Type="correlat" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds
of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other
conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or
Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John
or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific
coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE
v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction)
When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French
"ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter
the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InitialCoordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InitialCoordinatingConjunction
conjunction coordinating initial
initial coordinating conjunction
EAGLES
When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is
given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonInitialCoordinatingConjunction
conjunction coordinating initial non
non initial coordinating conjunction
EAGLES
When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is
given the Non-initial value.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction
conjunction coordinating repetitive
repetitive coordinating conjunction
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction
Conjunction/Coord_Type="repetit" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of
conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions
or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2)
repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary
or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators
between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SimpleCoordinatingConjunction
conjunction coordinating simple
simple coordinating conjunction
EAGLES,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction
Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts:
German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av
17.11.06)
In the Romanian MTE v4 specs, Conjunction/Coord_Type="simple" is defined in
contrast to repetitive and correlative coordinating conjunctions. In Romanian, there
are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with
other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or
Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John
or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific
coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE
v4), e.g., aşa_că, va_să_zică (ro)
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatingConjunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatingConjunction
conjunction subordinating
subordinating conjunction
EAGLES Conjunction with Type="Subordinating". The language- (German-) specific
EAGLES feature "subord-type" was originally modelled as MorphosyntacticFeature, when
integrating the MULTEXT-East ontology, it was remodelled within the taxonomy
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that
introduce a dependent clause. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Constituent
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Constituent
constituent
http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008/SyntacticConstruction
Constituents correspond to a GOLD SyntacticConstruction: SyntacticConstruction is
the class of grammar units that have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more
than one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic configuration. [Crystal 1980,
85-86]. (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008) Corresponds to units of
annotation in the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotation
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html#SECTION00052000000000000000)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdnominalConstituent
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdnominalConstituent
constituent adnominal
adnominal constituent
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#nominalModifier
TODO: rename to AdnominalModifier
Each element in a construction is called adnominal that modifies a nominal, such
as, all types of attributives, such as adjectives, possessives, prepositional
attributes and relative clauses, such as the beautiful house; the neighbour’s house,
the house at the sea, the house, that I want.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#nominalModifier)
Adnominal wird jedes Element in einer Konstruktion bezeichnet, das der
Modifizierung eines Nomens dient, d.h. alle Formen von Attributen wie Adjektive,
Genitivattribute, Präpositionalattribute, Relativsätze.
Zum Beispiel, das schöne Haus; das Haus des Nachbars; das Haus am See;
das Haus, das ich mir schon immer gewünscht habe.
(http://www.uni-trier.de/uni/fb2/ldv/ldv_wiki/index.php/Adnominal)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonFiniteEmbeddedConstruction
construction embedded finite non
non finite embedded construction
An embedded construction which contains a non-finite verb form
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#non-finiteEmbeddedConstruction
with reference to Dik 1997)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticConstruction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticConstruction
construction syntactic
syntactic construction
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Contraction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Contraction
contraction
Uby POS, undocumented, http://purl.org/olia/ubyPos.owl
no definition given
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Coordination
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Coordination
coordination
As has already been shown in some of the preceding examples, the issue of
coordination necessarily arises: how is coordination to be represented in terms of
constituency? Different approaches have been taken, and in the example analyses
given in this document, we have chosen to take a traditional approach, showing the
coordinated constituents at the same level, with the conjunction between them (see
also 47 and 48): (51) [NP [NP John NP] and [NP Mary NP] NP] (52) She went [PP [PP to
the library PP] or [PP to the cafeteria PP] PP] (53) He works [ADVP [ADVP very
slowly ADVP] but [ADVP very meticulously ADVP] ADVP] However, in practice, in an
automated parsing system, this is not an easy differentiation to make, and in some
existing schemes, a slightly less satisfactory solution has been found, viz.
analysing coordination in a similar fashion to subordination. Most constituents
(both phrases and clauses) can be coordinated, but the extent to which this is
possible will differ across languages. The conjuncts may be marked as such by
separate descriptors: NPtex2html_wrap_inline4084 etc. However, there are many
occasions where the conjuncts are not of the same formal category, or where they do
not correspond to an entire phrasal or clausal constituent. There is much to be
said, in these cases, or perhaps for all cases of coordination, for the use of a
generalised label applied to all coordinate constituents or conjuncts, e.g. the
label CO used in the TOSCA system. We do not offer a definitive solution for the
annotation of coordination, and the many variants of coordination will not be
considered further in this report. See Sampson (1995: 310f) for a detailed
treatment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node37.html)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Copula
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Copula
copula
Adopted from the SFB632 annotation guidelines. In EAGLES, copulas are not
distinguished from auxiliaries, hence represented as such here.
A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an
adjective or an other constituent which expresses the predicate.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExpletiveCorrelate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExpletiveCorrelate
correlate expletive
expletive correlate
Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are
traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument),
correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es
(structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann et al.
2009, p.60) Extraposed clausal arguments: "Aber [es] ist übertrieben zu sagen, damit
bekäme die FU erst eine Identität." (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.62)
TüBa-D/Z
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Correlative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Correlative
correlative
EAGLES
When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French
"ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter
the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Countable
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Countable
countable
EAGLES, remodelling of MassNoun vs. CommonNoun
A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral
and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with
quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc..
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Definite
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Definite
definite
EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#definite,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004
Value referring to the capacity of identification of an entity.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004) An entity is specified as definite when it
refers to a particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#definite) Definite
noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are specific and identifiable in a
given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ElativeDegree
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ElativeDegree
degree elative
elative degree
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ElativeDegree,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1276, note that the latter conflates ElativeDegree
and ElativeCase
MULTEXT-East Degree="elative" (Adjective: Resian, Serbian, Macedonian)<br/>
In Semitic languages, ElativeDegree refers to the “adjective of superiority.” In
some languages such as Arabic, the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of
an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood
or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison,
the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.” The elative of كبير
(kabí:r, "big") is أكبر (’ákbar, “bigger/biggest”, “greater/greatest”).
(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elative) In Slavic languages, as well, it is pretty
standard. I do agree with the definition though, that "the elative conveys the
notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”" So, Slovene "lep" is beautiful, "prelep" is very
(or supremely) beautiful; I guess the "pre-" prefix could be roughly translated as
"over-". Used in Resian, Serbian, Macedonian. In Slovenian, we banished it, as even
"ordinary" degrees are borderline inflection / derivation, but, I think, elative is
is definitely not inflection. (Tomaž Erjavec, email 2010/06/21)
e.g., predivan, prekasan, premanjeg/premali, premanjega/premali,
premanjem/premali, premanjemu/premali, premanji/premali (sr)
e.g., прешпионска/шпионски, прешпионскава/шпионски, прешпионскана/шпионски,
прешпионската/шпионски, прешпионски/шпионски, прешпионскиве/шпионски,
прешпионскине/шпионски, прешпионскиов/шпионски, прешпионскион/шпионски (mk)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Derivation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Derivation
derivation
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271
Change in the form of a linguistic unit, usually modification in the base/root or
affixation to create a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Determiner
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Determiner
determiner
introduced AttributivePronoun as subclass of Determiner (Article is no
AttributivePronoun)
EAGLES PronounOrDeterminer with category="Determiner"
Note that "Determiner" in OLiA also covers determiner-like elements in languages
without grammaticalized determiner category. This is because AttributePronoun is
defined as being in the intersection of Determiner and Pronoun. In languages without
grammaticalized determiners, attributive pronouns are, howevetr, not characterized
as determiners, but rather as adjectives. In order to provide a uniform modeling of
attributive pronouns, they are defined here as being the intersection of Determiner
and Pronoun. (Chiarcos)
A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun
phrase in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by
adjectives. This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as
it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still
identify the determiners as adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DemonstrativeDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DemonstrativeDeterminer
determiner demonstrative
demonstrative determiner
EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Demonstrative".
Demonstratives are deictic expressions (they depend on an external frame of
reference) which indicate entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those
entities from others. Demonstratives are usually employed for spatial deixis (using
the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages they double as
discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and
propositions mentioned in speech. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EmphaticDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EmphaticDeterminer
determiner emphatic
emphatic determiner
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer
Determiner/Type="emphatic" (Romanian)<br/> In Romanian, there are specific
forms for the so-called emphatic determiner, which may accompany both a noun and a
personal pronoun: fata însăşi (the girl herself), also ea însăşi (she herself).
e.g., însele/însumi, însemi/însumi, însene/însumi, însevă/însumi, înseşi/însumi,
înseţi/însumi, însumi, însuşi/însumi, însuţi/însumi
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExclamatoryDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExclamatoryDeterminer
determiner exclamatory
exclamatory determiner
EAGLES Determiner with optional attribute WhType="Exclamatory"
A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a Nominal Phrase in order to
create an exclamation (a more emphatic form of statement), e.g. "What a lovely
colour!", "What a wonderful day this is!"
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.27, 07.05.07;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics), 07.05.07)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndefiniteDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndefiniteDeterminer
determiner indefinite
indefinite determiner
EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Indefinite"
An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite
number or amount, i.e. "some", "any", "many".
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm
22.09.06) Note that here, a separate top-level class Quantifier has been introduced
that covers expressions of number and amount as *semantic* concepts. Plural
indefinite determiners are thus to be modeled as IndefiniteDeteriner and Quantifier.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativeDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativeDeterminer
determiner interrogative
interrogative determiner
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NegativeDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NegativeDeterminer
determiner negative
negative determiner
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer
Determiner/Type="negative" (Romanian)<br/> In Romanian the negative
determiner is expressed by the unit nici + indefinite article (e.g. nici un, nici
o). (MTE v4) e.g., nici-o/nici_un, nici_o/nici_un, nici_un, nici_unei/nici_un,
nici_unii/nici_un, nici_unor/nici_un, nici_unui/nici_un
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PronounOrDeterminer
determiner or pronoun
pronoun or determiner
EAGLES top-level category PronounOrDeterminer (PD). The existence of this class
is, however, controversial. In EAGLES, it has been introduced for reasons of lexical
ambiguity in European languages thus it could be described by the joint of Pronoun
and Determiner rather than as an independent class. Indeed, at least one fundamental
difference is blurred here: Determiners are purely modifiers whereas pronouns
contribute independent meaning. This could be adopted here as a criterion for
higher-level organization of the OLiA Reference Model. The original EAGLES
definition is not very specific about the difference between Pronouns and
Determiners. Here, we assume two definitions: * semantic definition of pronouns:
Pronouns are bound variables. They are referential. * syntactic definition of
determiners: Determiners turn nominal expressions (of type <e,t>) into noun
phrases (of type <e>). Note that these definitions are not exclusive (which is
why annotation schemes differ in this aspect). Attributive possessive pronouns ('my
book', 'their article') are semantically pronouns (they have an independent
reference), but syntactically determiners. For the sub-classes, no exclusivity is
required as Olia allows a hybrid ("both") category by multiple inheritance.
The parts of speech Pronoun, Determiner and Article heavily overlap in their
formal and functional characteristics, and different analyses for different
languages entail separating them out in different ways. In Eagles, Pronouns and
Determiners are placed in one `super-category'. For some descriptions it may be
thought best to treat them as totally different parts of speech.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PartitiveDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PartitiveDeterminer
determiner partitive
partitive determiner
EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Partitive".
TODO: Check the relationship between PartitiveDeterminer and PartitiveCase: The
partitive case is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result",
or "without specific identity"
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#partitiveCase, with
reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitive). PartitiveCase expresses the
partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the
whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items
such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals
or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It
often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some'. (GOLD, "Partitive"; see
there for references)
A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is
no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that
function. (Wilson and Leech 1996)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessiveDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessiveDeterminer
determiner possessive
possessive determiner
EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Possessive".
A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing
ownership to someone or something.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReflexiveDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReflexiveDeterminer
determiner reflexive
reflexive determiner
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativeDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativeDeterminer
determiner relative
relative determiner
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:UniquitiveDeterminer
determiner uniquitive
uniquitive determiner
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer
Determiner/Type="exceptional" is applied to the Persian uniquitive determiner تنها
i.e., "the only" (MTE v4; Hamidreza Kobdani, email 2010/06/15,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Diacritic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Diacritic
diacritic
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Diminuitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Diminuitive
diminuitive
A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root
meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or
endearment. It is the opposite of an augmentative.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive)
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Diminuitive, in MTE v.4 originally
modelled as an aspect of Degree, but this is a misplacement. There are languages
where Degree and Diminuitivity are independent. In Latvian, for example, the
diminutive suffix may be attached to an adjective, not only in the positive but in
the comparative and superlative degrees (Ruke-Dravina 1953). Velta Ruke-Dravina
(1953), Adjectival Diminuitives in Latvian. The Slavonic and East European Review
31(77): 452-465
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Distal
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Distal
distal
added in accordance with
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDistalDeterminer
The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is
usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent
denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Ditransitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Ditransitive
ditransitive
SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to give", cf. van Valin
and Lapolla (1997).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Dual
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Dual
dual
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879
Form used in some languages to designate two persons or things. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879)
subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CliticElement
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CliticElement
element clitic
clitic element
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903 (cliticness),
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Cliticness
Note that Clitic covers only one aspect of the original MULTEXT-East (and ISOcat)
definitions of cliticness, i.e., that an element is a clitic
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LayoutElement
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LayoutElement
element layout
layout element
Introduced to account for Bullet http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NullElement
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NullElement
element null
null element
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Elision
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Elision
elision
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277
The omission of a syllable or vowel at the beginning or end of a word, esp. when
a word ending with a vowel is next to one beginning with a vowel.
(www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=elision;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Ellipsis
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Ellipsis
ellipsis
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al.
1995)
*?* â´ placeholder for ellipsed material ... *?* is now
available in the following great-tasting flavors: (VP *?*), (ADJP-PRD *?*), (PP-PRD
*), (NP *?*), (S *?*), (SBAR *?*). These act as placeholders for a missing predicate
or piece thereof, especially in comparative constructions and other environments
where predicate deletion occurs. Although the missing material represented by *?* is
often identical to another constituent in the same sentence, the two are never
coindexed. Postmodifiers of the verb (including traces) may be attached under (VP
*?*), but not to any other null element, including the other *?* null elements and
(VP *T*). Note that policy for *?* was never finalized, so its use varies to some
extent. In general, *?* is used by the annotators as a last resort (short of the
FRAG analysis) for the annotation of clauses with
â¼missingâ½ material. Nonetheless, there are
certain constructions that are particularly likely to contain *?*: (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Emphatic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Emphatic
emphatic
added in accordance with ILPOSTS, cf.
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticPronoun,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941 (emphatic pronoun)
Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941) In
Romanian, the so-called emphatic determiner may accompany both a noun and a personal
pronoun: fata *însăşi* (the girl *herself*), also ea *însăşi* (she *herself*).
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer) Emphasis can not only
be expressed on nouns and pronouns, but also at verbs, adverbs, adpositions, etc.,
cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Emphasis
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonEmphatic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonEmphatic
emphatic non
non emphatic
added in accordance with ILPOSTS, cf.
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticPronoun
In languages where emphasis can be grammatically marked, the unmarked form would
be considered NonEmphatic, see #Emphatic
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DiscourseEntity
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DiscourseEntity
entity discourse
discourse entity
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NamedEntity
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NamedEntity
entity named
named entity
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275
segment of text for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent
(Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OrthographicEntity
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OrthographicEntity
entity orthographic
orthographic entity
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Exclusive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Exclusive
exclusive
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FirstExclusive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FirstExclusive
exclusive first
first exclusive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstExclusive, modelled as a subconcept of
First here
Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s).
Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstExclusive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Expletive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Expletive
expletive
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#StructuralExpletive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:StructuralExpletive
expletive structural
structural expletive
Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are
traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument),
correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es
(structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann et al.
2009, p.60) In German, a purely structural dummy element ... occurs in Vorfeld
position only and is not correlated with any argument of the clause. It does not
agree with the verb which becomes evident if there is a plural subject in the
Mittelfeld: "es zahlen ihn die Völker, deren Menschenrechte angeblich verteidigt
werden." It is ungrammatical in the Mittelfeld, e.g. *". . . dass es ihn die Völker
zahlen".
TüBa-D/Z
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FixedExpression
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FixedExpression
expression fixed
fixed expression
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VocativeExpression
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VocativeExpression
expression vocative
vocative expression
http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#VocativeForm
An expression referring to a person to which the utterance is addressed, e.g. Old
High German "truhtin", "meistar" or "fater". The vocative expression typically
occurs outside of the clause and not in an argument position selected by the
predicate. (Petrova 2008, see http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Extraposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Extraposition
extraposition
PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
*EXP* — Expletive (extraposition) ... In cases where a clausal subject has been
extraposed and replaced by an expletive it, we use a type of pseudo-attach called
*EXP*. (In the small ATIS sample included with this release, it is also used for
existential there.) Use of *EXP*-attach is discussed in more detail in section 17
[It-Extraposition]. (S (NP-SBJ (NP It) (SBAR *EXP*-1)) (VP is (ADJP-PRD clear) (PP
to (NP me)) (SBAR-1 that (S (NP-SBJ this message) (VP is (ADJP-PRD unclear))))))
(Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondFamiliar
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SecondFamiliar
familiar second
second familiar
EAGLES PersonalPronoun attribute Politeness="Familiar". The EAGLES attribute
politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns.
In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or
respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The feature SecondFamiliar
applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such
languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AnimacyFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AnimacyFeature
feature animacy
animacy feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AspectFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AspectFeature
feature aspect
aspect feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CaseFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CaseFeature
feature case
case feature
Skipped EAGLES case feature values Uninflected (uninformative), and NonGenitive
(= complement of Genitive). As for TDS case feature values, only "grammaticalCase"
has been adopted. As for GOLD case feature values, everything has been adopted,
although it seems that some of these cases are actually semantic (theta) roles,
i.e., "case" in the sense of Fillmore (1966), e.g., BenefactiveCase.
TODO: rename all subconcepts to ...Case
Note that also Indian case markers were included here (ILPOSTS). These are
described differently, either as postpositions or as grammatical cases.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ClusivityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ClusivityFeature
feature clusivity
clusivity feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CountabilityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CountabilityFeature
feature countability
countability feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DefinitenessFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DefinitenessFeature
feature definiteness
definiteness feature
Skipped EAGLES "Unmarked" definiteness that was only introduced "to handle the
suffixed definite article in Danish: e.g. "haven" (`the garden'); "havet" (`the
sea')." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2 16.11.06)
TODO: use this property to define Definite/IndefiniteArticle
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DegreeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DegreeFeature
feature degree
degree feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EmphasisFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EmphasisFeature
feature emphasis
emphasis feature
in EAGLES and MULTEXT-East restricted to pronouns, in ILPOSTS applicable to many
different WordClasses, hence modelled as an independent feature, cf.
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Emphasis
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EvaluativeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EvaluativeFeature
feature evaluative
evaluative feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EvidentialityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EvidentialityFeature
feature evidentiality
evidentiality feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#UsageAndFrequencyFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:UsageAndFrequencyFeature
feature frequency and usage
usage and frequency feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GenderFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GenderFeature
feature gender
gender feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModalityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ModalityFeature
feature modality
modality feature
Mood feature pertains to grammaticalized moods (as expressed in verbal
inflection), Modality refers to the underlying concept that can also be manifested
by other grammatical or orthographic markers
note that Modality overlaps with SentenceType (cf. InterrogativeModality besides
Question, DeclarativeModality vs. DeclarativeSentence, etc.). The main difference
between both is the restriction of SentenceType to full sentences as a basis of
analysis. Any updates should maintain this relationship.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MoodFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MoodFeature
feature mood
mood feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NumberFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NumberFeature
feature number
number feature
TODO: extend with TDS numberProperty and GOLD NumberValue
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PersonFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PersonFeature
feature person
person feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PolarityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PolarityFeature
feature polarity
polarity feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProximityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProximityFeature
feature proximity
proximity feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReflexivityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReflexivityFeature
feature reflexivity
reflexivity feature
TODO: integrate with VoiceFeature (as in the TDS Ontology) implementation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RegisterFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RegisterFeature
feature register
register feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SeparabilityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SeparabilityFeature
feature separability
separability feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SpecificityFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SpecificityFeature
feature specificity
specificity feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#StrengthFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:StrengthFeature
feature strength
strength feature
TODO: link with concept hierarchy
TODO: rename to ReductionFeature
merged with http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectiveFormation,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ReductionFeature: reduced vs. full
inflection
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TenseFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TenseFeature
feature tense
tense feature
Subclassification in absolute, relaive and absolute-relative adopted from TDS.
Habitual is modelled here as Aspect, in accordance with GOLD, replaced here by
NotTemporallyAnchored. Skipped TDS non-presentTense (= complement of Present),
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonFuture,
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonPast, redefined Future and Past as superconcepts
to cover different future and past tenses
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordTypeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CoordTypeFeature
feature type coord
coord type feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InflectionTypeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InflectionTypeFeature
feature type inflection
inflection type feature
In this category, different inflection-relevant features are assembled.
Typically, inflection phenomena are language-specific and pertain to different
grammatial categories; therefore, this collection is neither to be supposed
exhaustive nor are the features necessarily disjoint (e.g., InflectedWithOvertMarker
overlaps with StrongInflection or WeakInflection)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReduplicationTypeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReduplicationTypeFeature
feature type reduplication
reduplication type feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReferentTypeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReferentTypeFeature
feature type referent
referent type feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SentenceTypeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SentenceTypeFeature
feature type sentence
sentence type feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordTypeFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordTypeFeature
feature type subord
subord type feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ValencyFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ValencyFeature
feature valency
valency feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VoiceFeature
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VoiceFeature
feature voice
voice feature
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Feminine
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Feminine
feminine
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#feminineGender
Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns,
etc. that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have
referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ComplementizerField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ComplementizerField
field complementizer
complementizer field
The C-Feld occurs in verb-final clauses in German (exception: the conjunction als
in subordinated sentences of comparison als w¨are es nie geschehen.). It is
obligatorily occupied in finite verb-final clauses if there is no conjunction in the
Linke Klammer. In non-finite verb-final clauses the C-position may be empty. This
field can be occupied by conjunctions of sentential objects (e.g. daß, ob) or
sentence initial conjunctions like um, obwohl, wenn and also by complex
interrogative or relative phrases, e.g. ..., ’um wieviel Geld’ geht es dabei? / ...,
’an der’ Max Daniel Professor f¨ur Klavier ist. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordinatorField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CoordinatorField
field coordinator
coordinator field
The KOORD-field is the field for coordinating particles in the German clause. In
contrast to the PARORD-field, it can optionally occur as the left-most element of
all clause types. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LeftDislocationField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LeftDislocationField
field dislocation left
left dislocation field
The German Linksversetzungsfeld is a field for the left-dislocated phrase of
resumptive constructions. A Linksversetzung is a pendent constituent. It can be
regarded as a syntactic anticipation of a part of a sentence (Telljohann et al.
2009, p.16)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FinalField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FinalField
field final
final field
In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions:
verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb
complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit.
The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second
clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The
positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which
divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field),
and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the
linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte
Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and
the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InitialField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InitialField
field initial
initial field
In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions:
verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb
complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit.
The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second
clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The
positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which
divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field),
and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the
linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte
Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and
the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
In the canonical sentence, the initial field is the first position in the
sentence, hence grouped under Fronting.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MiddleField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MiddleField
field middle
middle field
In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions:
verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb
complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit.
The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second
clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The
positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which
divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field),
and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the
linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte
Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and
the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatorField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatorField
field subordinator
subordinator field
In the German clause, the PARORD-field is the field for non-coordinating
particles which optionally occur as the left-most element of a verb-second clause
(Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TopologicalField
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TopologicalField
field topological
topological field
Topological fields are a descriptive formalism to describe regularities of the
makro-structure of sentences, for example, in the traditional description of word
order inseveral Germanic languages (e.g., German, Dutch, Danish). More recently,
similar conceptions of topological fields have been further developed in the context
of constructivistic grammar formalisms, e.g., Role and Reference Grammar (van Valin
and LaPolla 1997).
Telljohann et al. (2009, p.13)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WithFinite
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WithFinite
finite with
with finite
EAGLES
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause
with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#First
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:First
first
EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/First
First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker, or both the
speaker and referents grouped with the speaker
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1288) cf. gold:First: Refers to the speaker and one
or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive
(Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/First)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Foreign
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Foreign
foreign
EAGLES Category Residuals with Type="ForeignWord".
A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range
of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in
some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BaseForm
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BaseForm
form base
base form
SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. In
traditional English tagsets, e.g., SUSANNE or the PennTreeBank tagset, surface
ambiguities are normally not resolved. Uninflected forms and forms that have the
same form (e.g., "be" as an imperative) are tagged as BaseForm. (Ch. Chiarcos) Since
it is impractical (...) to resolve automatically the ambiguity of these six
morphological functions, it is a common practice to assign a single value to the
base form, or else to assign two values, one for the finite and one for the
non-finite functions. Because of this, the tables below show two tagsets: one tagset
representing the 6 attribute-values above, and a reduced tagset (`RTags'), which
resembles most tagsets so far used for the English language in reducing the six
values to two.
http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node150.html#SECTION00054000000000000000
BaseForm is not a characteristic of lexemes, but specific to certain forms in a
complex paradigm.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Formula
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Formula
formula
EAGLES category Residual with the attribute Type="Formula".
A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the
traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in
many texts and very commonly in some.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Fraction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Fraction
fraction
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral,
http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#FractionalNumeral
Numeral/Form="fractional" (Romanian)<br/> In traditional Romanian grammars,
FractionalNumeral refers to expressions like treime-one third. (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
e.g., treisprezecimea/treisprezecime, treisprezecimi/treisprezecime,
treisprezecimii/treisprezecime, treisprezecimile/treisprezecime,
treisprezecimilor/treisprezecime, unsprezecimea/unsprezecime,
unsprezecimi/unsprezecime, unsprezecimii/unsprezecime, unsprezecimile/unsprezecime
(ro, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
e.g., يکچهارمِ/يکچهار يکپنجمِ/يکپنج (fa,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Fragment
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Fragment
fragment
FRAG marks those portions of text that appear to be clauses, but lack too many
essential elements for the exact structure to be easily determined (e.g., answers to
questions). Predicate argument structure therefore cannot be extracted from FRAGs.
(Bies et al. 1995) Sentence fragments that end with sentence- nal punctuation like
Not even an earthquake. should not be bracketed as S, but only with the highest
appropriate label|in this case, NP. Do not attach such fragments to the preceding or
following full sentence. (Santorini 1991)
PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Fronting
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Fronting
fronting
T-CODEX (Petrova 2008, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#InitionalPosition)
Expression occurs at the left periphery of the sentence. This includes various
noncanonical and canonical word order possibilities. (Note that it is not restricted
here to noncanonical word order; for noncanonical fronting see subconcepts, e.g.,
Topicalization.) (Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticFunction
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticFunction
function syntactic
syntactic function
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Future
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Future
future
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#futureTense,
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future
The future tense refers to events that have yet to happen.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future 17.11.06) The future tense refers to a tense
category which places an event in the future.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#futureTense)
FutureTense locates the situation in question later than the present moment (time of
speaking.) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CloseFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CloseFuture
future close
close future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CloseFuture, classified as AbsoluteTense
here
Adopted from GOLD. No definition given.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HodiernalFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HodiernalFuture
future hodiernal
hodiernal future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalFuture, classified as Future here
HodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the moment of
utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985: 86; Bybee,
Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalFuture)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PostHodiernalFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PostHodiernalFuture
future hodiernal post
post hodiernal future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PostHodiernalFuture, classified as Future
here
PostHodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the span that is
culturally defined as 'today' (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PostHodiernalFuture)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImmediateFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImmediateFuture
future immediate
immediate future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediateFuture
ImmediateFutureTense, also called 'close future', locates the situation in
question shortly after the moment of utterance (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94;
Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 244-245).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediateFuture)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FutureInFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FutureInFuture
future in future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInFuture, classified as absolute-relative
tense here.
FutureInFutureTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to
a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the
moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInFuture)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PastInFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PastInFuture
future in past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInFuture
Locates the situation in question in the future, prior to a reference time in the
future.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NearFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NearFuture
future near
near future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NearFuture, classified as Future here
adopted from GOLD, no definition given there
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NearFuture)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RemoteFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RemoteFuture
future remote
remote future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemoteFuture, classified as Future here
RemoteFutureTense locates the situation in question at a time that is considered
relatively distant. It is characteristically after the span of time culturally
defined as 'tomorrow' (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemoteFuture)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SimpleFuture
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SimpleFuture
future simple
simple future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future, cf.
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past
FutureTense locates the situation in question after the present moment, with no
specification on the distance in time. (adapted from the definition of
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Gapping
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Gapping
gapping
PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991)
The term "gapping" refers to a form of coordination in which the coordinated
phrases after the rst are incomplete. For instance, the gapped equivalent of the
full coordination structure in (@18a) is given in ( 18b). ( 18) a. Mary likes Bach
and Susan likes Beethoven. b. Mary likes Bach and Susan, Beethoven. Gapped sequences
like Susan, Beethoven should be labelled X. On the other hand, while coordination
constructions containing gapped sequences involve coordination of unlike categories,
it is clear that the entire coordination structure is a clause; hence, it should be
labelled S. (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AnimateGender
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AnimateGender
gender animate
animate gender
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Animate
One of the two grammatical genders, or classes of nouns, the other being
inanimate. Membership in the animate grammatical class is largely based on meanings,
in that living things, including humans, animals, spirits, trees, and most plants
are included in the animate class of nouns (Valentine 2001: 114).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Animate)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonGender
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CommonGender
gender common
common gender
EAGLES
Common is an optional attribute for nouns in EAGLES. The Common gender contrasts
with Neuter in a two-gender system e.g. Danish, Dutch. This value is also used for
articles, pronouns and determiners especially for Danish.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InanimateGender
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InanimateGender
gender inanimate
inanimate gender
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inanimate
One of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other
being animate. Membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on
meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural
'non-living' things are included in it (Valentine 2001: 114).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inanimate)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Gerund
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Gerund
gerund
EAGLES NonFiniteVerb with VerbForm="Gerund"; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243
(gerundive)
property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243) A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists
in some languages. In today's English, gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an
'-ing' suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or an
object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds
exist side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the
common noun have different shades of meaning. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund,
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06) The term _gerund_ is
ambiguous: with respect to Latin, in whose grammatical tradition it originates, it
refers to a deverbal noun, and is needed in this function for Polish as well; in
descriptions of some other languages, however, it has been used for an adverbial
participle. The two meanings have nothing in common, except that the English
_ing_-form can translate both. (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09) Here, it is
assumed that Gerund refers only to deverbal nouns, cf. NominalNonfiniteVerb in the
IIIT tagset (http://purl.org/olia/iiit.owl#NominalNonFiniteVerb)
cf. ILPOSTS NominalParticiple, for Indian languages, there in contrast with
AdjectivalParticiple, AdverbialParticiple and ConditionalParticiple, but no
definition provided. (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NominalParticiple)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Head
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Head
head
TIGER edge label HD, definition according to Penn Treebank Bracketing Guidelines
(Santorini 1991)
Heads are single words that function as the nucleus of a phrase. For instance,
the head of the noun phrase John’s book is book. Book is also the head of the more
complex noun phrase that interesting book that you were telling me about the other
day. The head of the verb phrase telling me about the other day is telling. The head
of a prepositional phrase is the preposition. (Santorini 1991)
TIGER edge label HD
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbalHead
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbalHead
head verbal
verbal head
A Verb (V) at the syntax layer is either a lexical (VLEX) or a copula verb (VCOP)
at the POS layer. Modal verbs and auxiliaries are not annotated in the constituent
structure. The verb and its arguments are placed at the same CSn layer. Raising and
control verbs are treated like ordinary verbs. They subcategorize for a sentential
complement. (Dipper et al 2007, §3.3.3)
added in conformance with the SFB632 Annotation Guidelines (Dipper et al.
2007)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Headline
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Headline
headline
-HLN (headline) — marks headlines and datelines. Note that headlines and datelines
always constitute a unit of text that is structurally independent from the following
sentence. (Bies et al. 1995)
PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Honorific
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Honorific
honorific
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347
special form of language used when talking about those in positions of social
situation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondNonHonorific
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SecondNonHonorific
honorific non second
second non honorific
Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages,
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NonHonorific
TOCHECK: is SecondNonHonorific different from SecondFamiliar ?
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondHonorific
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SecondHonorific
honorific second
second honorific
Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages,
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Honorific
TOCHECK: is SecondHonorific different from SecondPolite ?
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Human
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Human
human
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Human
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Hyphen
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Hyphen
hyphen
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077
Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-".
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Image
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Image
image
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249
graphical representation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Imperfect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Imperfect
imperfect
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1304
Verb tense that refers to action in the past that is incomplete or ongoing.
(www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1304)
subClassOf grammaticalTense (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Inanimate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Inanimate
inanimate
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952
Perceived as not living. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952)
subClassOf animacy (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#zuInclusion
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:zuInclusion
inclusion zu
zu inclusion
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1954
Inclusion of zu. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1954)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Inclusive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Inclusive
inclusive
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FirstInclusive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FirstInclusive
inclusive first
first inclusive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstInclusive, modelled here as subconcept of
First
Refers to the speaker, hearer(s) and possibly others. Contrasts with
FirstPersonExclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstInclusive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Indefinite
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Indefinite
indefinite
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indefinite
An entity is specified as indefinite when it refers to a non-particularized
individual of the species denoted by the noun.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indefinite)
Indefinite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are not specific and
identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness
20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WithInfinite
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WithInfinite
infinite with
with infinite
EAGLES
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed
by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatingConjunctionWithInfinite
infinite with conjunction subordinating
subordinating conjunction with infinite
EAGLES
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed
by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Infinitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Infinitive
infinitive
EAGLES NonFiniteVerbs with VerbForm="Infinitive"
An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional
categories such as the following: Aspect, Modality, Number, Person and Tense.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EmbeddedInfinitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EmbeddedInfinitive
infinitive embedded
embedded infinitive
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withInfinitiveAsHead,
http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#InfinitivalClause
An infinitive is the head of the embedded construction.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withInfinitiveAsHead)
Infinitival relatives. See section 14 [Infinitives] for more information. (NP (NP a
movie) (SBAR (WHNP-1 0) (S (NP-SBJ *) (VP to (VP see (NP *T*-1)))))) (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Infix
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Infix
infix
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313
Affix inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning or part of speech
value. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Inflected
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Inflected
inflected
Chiarcos
see subclasses
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MixedInflection
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MixedInflection
inflection mixed
mixed inflection
EAGLES
German mixed inflection takes its name from the fact that it has endings from
both the strong inflection and the weak inflection. The mixed inflection is used
after the indefinite article "ein" and after "irgendein" e.g. "(irgend) ein kleines
Kind", after "kein" or after possessive pronouns e.g. "ihr kleines Kind".
(http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Gemischt.html?MenuId=Word3132
20.11.06) Mixed inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonreducedInflection
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonreducedInflection
inflection nonreduced
nonreduced inflection
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CompoundAdjective
Nonreduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech
nejubožejšími/ubohý, nejvyspělejších/vyspělý, nejvyšších/vysoký,
nejvznešenějšímu/vznešený, nejvážnějšímu/vážný, nejvýznamnějších/významný,
nejvýznamnějšími/významný, nejvýznamnějšímu/významný, největšími/velký
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CompoundAdjective)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReducedInflection
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReducedInflection
inflection reduced
reduced inflection
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NominalAdjective
Reduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech e.g.,
brillská/brillský, neznámo/neznámý, samo/sám, samy/sám
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NominalAdjective)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#StrongInflection
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:StrongInflection
inflection strong
strong inflection
EAGLES
In German (and other Germanic languages), when gender, number and case are not
expressed by a determiner, the adjective takes the endings of the strong inflection.
(http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Stark.html
20.11.06) Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WeakInflection
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WeakInflection
inflection weak
weak inflection
EAGLES
German adjectives take the endings of the weak inflection when a determiner
expresses number, gender and case. The weak adjective inflection has only two
endings: –e and –en.
(http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Schwach.html
20.11.06) In other Germanic languages, similar systems exist. Weak inflection is a
characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Initial
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Initial
initial
EAGLES
When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is
given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonInitial
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonInitial
initial non
non initial
EAGLES
When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is
given the Non-initial value.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Initialism
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Initialism
initialism
adopted from ubyPos.owl
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Interjection
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Interjection
interjection
EAGLES top-level category Interjection (I).
An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which
is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically
expresses an emotional reaction, often with respect to an accompanying sentence and
may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language, e.g. in
English: psst; ugh; well, well
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Intransitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Intransitive
intransitive
SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
A predicate/verb that takes one argument, e.g., English "to go", cf. van Valin
and Lapolla (1997).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WordOrderInverse
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WordOrderInverse
inverse order word
word order inverse
PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
SINV|Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the
verb. See Section 5.19. (Santorini 1991) The SINV label is used for
subject-auxiliary inversion in the case of negative inversion, conditional
inversion, locative inversion, and some topicalizations. ... SINV
â´ Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject
follows the tensed verb or modal. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Letter
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Letter
letter
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889
Letter. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Lexeme
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Lexeme
lexeme
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325
Minimal unit of language which : has a semantic interpretation and embodies a
distinct cultural concept.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexeme.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Macron
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Macron
macron
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327
Mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity.
(www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QuestionMark
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QuestionMark
mark question
question mark
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444
Sign used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InvertedQuestionMark
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InvertedQuestionMark
mark question inverted
inverted question mark
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088
Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative
sentence. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DiscourseMarker
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DiscourseMarker
marker discourse
discourse marker
Introduced in accordance with the TIGER and TüBa-D/Z annotation schemes (syntactic
edge label)
Generally, discourse markers are expressions or phrases of greeting, apologizing,
thanking, short emotional utterances, and interjections. Their node label is DM. ...
Typical discourse markers are: ja, nein, hallo, oh, aha, pst, nunja, gewiß, toll,
nun ja, etc. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p. 136)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ListMarker
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ListMarker
marker list
list marker
PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995)
LST — List marker. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InflectedWithOvertMarker
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InflectedWithOvertMarker
marker overt with inflected
inflected with overt marker
Chiarcos, motivated by BaseForm in SUSANNE (Sampson 1995) and related schemes; cf.
http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MarkedForGender
An inflected form with overt morphological marking (as opposed to the base form
and lexemes that do not inflect at all).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Masculine
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Masculine
masculine
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#masculineGender
Masculine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns,
etc. having human or animal male referents, and often marks nouns having referents
that do not have distinctions of sex.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsMasculineGender.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeponentMiddle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DeponentMiddle
middle deponent
deponent middle
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddle
Action denotes physical/mental disposition of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NucleonicMiddle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NucleonicMiddle
middle nucleonic
nucleonic middle
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddle
Object of action belongs to. Moves into, or moves from sphere of subject.
(Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PlainMiddle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PlainMiddle
middle plain
plain middle
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddle
Results of action occur to subject. (Siewierska 1988:257)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReciprocalMiddle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReciprocalMiddle
middle reciprocal
reciprocal middle
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddle
Referents of plural subject do action to one another. (Siewierska 1988:257)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReflexiveMiddle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReflexiveMiddle
middle reflexive
reflexive middle
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexiveMiddle, but the definition given there
("Subjects perform action to self") may be oversimplistic as it entails that
ReflectiveMiddle is the *same* as Reflexive. In my current understanding, reflexive
middle is a middle construction that makes use of grammatical devices that normally
indicate reflexivity, cf. the definition of ReflexivePassive. The definition given
below is a generalization that covers the original definition as well.
TODO: Check Siewierska (1988:257)
Reflexive middle makes use of grammatical devices that normally indicate
reflexivity. (Ch. Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbilitativeModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbilitativeModality
modality abilitative
abilitative modality
Adopted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages),
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#AbilitativeMood
modality expressed by AbilitativeMood: Abilitative is a mood that indicates
ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English.
(http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ActionalModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ActionalModality
modality actional
actional modality
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdmonitiveModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdmonitiveModality
modality admonitive
admonitive modality
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#admonitiveModality
Expression of warning (Bybee 1985:22)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#admonitiveModality)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CausalModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CausalModality
modality causal
causal modality
Nowak (1996)
In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies
causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996),
Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter
de Gruyter, Berlin.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalModality
modality conditional
conditional modality
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258
In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood
signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional
relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a
pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other
proposition is true.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images:
Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
subClassOf verbFormMood (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeclarativeModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DeclarativeModality
modality declarative
declarative modality
generalization over DeclarativeMood
Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a
type of (formal) assertion (OED).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DubitiveModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DubitiveModality
modality dubitive
dubitive modality
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive
DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition
(Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImperativeModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImperativeModality
modality imperative
imperative modality
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality
Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a
command, request, or exhortation (OED).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativeModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativeModality
modality interrogative
interrogative modality
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#interrogativeModality
The interrogative modality serves to indicate interrogative quality.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#interrogativeModality)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IrrealisModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IrrealisModality
modality irrealis
irrealis modality
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality
Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or
non-factual.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalIrrealisModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalIrrealisModality
modality irrealis conditional
conditional irrealis modality
ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NonReal is restricted
to conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OptativeModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OptativeModality
modality optative
optative modality
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#optativeModality
Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed
proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PresumptiveModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PresumptiveModality
modality presumptive
presumptive modality
adopted from ILPOSTS (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PresumptiveMood) for Indian
languages
The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis
regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar
attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For
example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition
use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a
conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude
of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e
scris și pentru noi, Bucuroși le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i război. Be it one,
be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace
or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QuotativeModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QuotativeModality
modality quotative
quotative modality
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Quotative, MTE VForm="quotative"
(Estonian)
A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian.<br/> ‘Reportedly,
while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.’ Ta olevat oma paadiga ümber
läinud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone.<br/> (Estonian
translation of an example given under
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm)
(Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalRealisModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalRealisModality
modality realis conditional
conditional realis modality
ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Real is restricted to
conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubjunctiveModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubjunctiveModality
modality subjunctive
subjunctive modality
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subjunctive,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subjunctiveModality
The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative
and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker.
(http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet
Subjunktiv 18.06.07)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TimitiveModality
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TimitiveModality
modality timitive
timitive modality
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive
TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said
(Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Modifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Modifier
modifier
added in conformance with TIGER
added in conformance with TIGER, equivalent to SyntacticAdjunct, cf. definition by
Dipper et al. (2007) there
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdjectivalModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdjectivalModifier
modifier adjectival
adjectival modifier
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adjectivalModifier
A nominal is modified by an adjective.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adjectivalModifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdverbialModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdverbialModifier
modifier adverbial
adverbial modifier
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adverbialModifier
An adverbial modifier modifies a verb.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adverbialModifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DemonstrativeModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DemonstrativeModifier
modifier demonstrative
demonstrative modifier
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#demonstrativeModifier
A nominal is modified by a demonstrative.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#demonstrativeModifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PostNominalModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PostNominalModifier
modifier nominal post
post nominal modifier
EAGLES, NPFunction="postmodifying", http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1945 (without
restriction on nominal heads ?)
Postmodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify, describe, or qualify
a preceding noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal
positions of determiners which distinguish different forms.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PreNominalModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PreNominalModifier
modifier nominal pre
pre nominal modifier
EAGLES, NPFunction="premodifying", cf. http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1943
(preModifier, but without reference to nominal heads)
Premodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify a following noun.
(EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of
determiners which distinguish different forms.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NumeralModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NumeralModifier
modifier numeral
numeral modifier
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#numeralModifier
A nominal is modified by a numeral.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#numeralModifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RhetoricalModifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RhetoricalModifier
modifier rhetorical
rhetorical modifier
added in conformance with TIGER
added in conformance with TIGER
TODO: check definition
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalMood
mood conditional
conditional mood
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258
In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood
signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional
relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a
pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other
proposition is true.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images:
Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
subClassOf verbFormMood (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndicativeMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndicativeMood
mood indicative
indicative mood
TODO: check relationship with DeclarativeMood
The indicative is the unmarked mood. It is used when no special modal nuance in
the clause or sentence is intended. It is the default mood of independent
declarative and often also of interrogative sentences.
(http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet
Indikativ 18.06.07) Expression of assertion. (Bybee 1985:22) Pertaining to the mood
or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a stated relation of
objective fact (OED).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indicativeModality)
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Indicative,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indicativeModality
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IrrealisMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IrrealisMood
mood irrealis
irrealis mood
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality
Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or
non-factual.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalIrrealisMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalIrrealisMood
mood irrealis conditional
conditional irrealis mood
ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NonReal is restricted
to conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OptativeMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OptativeMood
mood optative
optative mood
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#optativeModality
Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed
proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PresumptiveMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PresumptiveMood
mood presumptive
presumptive mood
adopted from ILPOSTS (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PresumptiveMood) for Indian
languages
The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis
regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar
attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For
example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition
use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a
conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude
of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e
scris și pentru noi, Bucuroși le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i război. Be it one,
be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace
or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalRealisMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalRealisMood
mood realis conditional
conditional realis mood
ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Real is restricted to
conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubjunctiveMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubjunctiveMood
mood subjunctive
subjunctive mood
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subjunctive,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subjunctiveModality
The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative
and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker.
(http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet
Subjunktiv 18.06.07)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TimitiveMood
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TimitiveMood
mood timitive
timitive mood
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive
TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said
(Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Morpheme
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Morpheme
morpheme
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HeadOfNP
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HeadOfNP
np of head
head of np
EAGLES NPFunction="head"
The HeadFunction is a function of an adjective or participle that can serve as
the focus of the phrase.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FamilyName
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FamilyName
name family
family name
introduced as generalization over
http://purl.org/olia/ubyPos.owl#nounProperSecondName
In most European cultures, family names have been introduced into name formulas
to identify a person's family, so that individuals with the same given name can be
distinguished. (CC)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GivenName
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GivenName
name given
given name
introduced as generalization over
http://purl.org/olia/ubyPos.owl#nounProperFirstName
In most European cultures, a given name designates an individual person
throughout her/his life span. To distinguish people with the same name but from
different families, additional elements have been introduced into name formulas that
identify a person's family or ancestry. (CC)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonNegated
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonNegated
negated non
non negated
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonNegated
Non-negated verbs carry no morphological marks of negation. In Resian, negative is
always marked as 'no' except for two verbs: 'nïman' / not to have, 'nïsi' / not to
be. In Slovak, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb
"byť" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle
"nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, "je" would be marked as negative, despite
having positive form. (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonNegated)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Negation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Negation
negation
denotes the negation or the absence (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1839)
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Negated: Negative="yes" encodes negative
verbal word-forms in Slavic languages and Estonian. (MTE v4) In Slovak, for example,
verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "byť" (E. "to
be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g.
"nie je" (is not). Here, Slovak "je" would be marked as negative, despite having
positive form. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'n' except for two verbs:
'nïman' / not to have, 'nïsi' / not to be. (MTE v4)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatingConjunctionWithNegation
negation with conjunction subordinating
subordinating conjunction with negation
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction
Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each
conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by
subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and
negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in
case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU
vorbeşte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicăieri N-am văzut (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubordinatingConjunctionWithoutNegation
negation without conjunction subordinating
subordinating conjunction without negation
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction
Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each
conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by
subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and
negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in
case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU
vorbeşte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicăieri N-am văzut (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Neuter
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Neuter
neuter
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#neuterGender
Neuter gender is a grammatical gender that includes those nouns, articles,
pronouns, etc. having referents which do not have distinctions of sex, and often
includes some which do have a natural sex distinction.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNeuterGender.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Nominal
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Nominal
nominal
Bies et al. 1995
-NOM (nominal) — marks free (“headless”) relatives and gerunds when they act
nominally. (See section 9 [WH-Phrases] for more information about free relatives,
and section 13 [Gerunds and Participles] for more information about gerunds.) (Bies
et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Nominative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Nominative
nominative
EAGLES
In nominative-accusative languages, nominative case marks clausal subjects and is
applies to nouns in isolation.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Nonspecific
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Nonspecific
nonspecific
see olia:NonspecificArticle,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun
"By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings
of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading
there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific
reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in
English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either
reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is
opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm
looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In
Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler,
Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International
Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British
Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific
determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an
unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A
nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one.
(Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl.
University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional
Grammar, London: Edward Arnold
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Noun
noun
EAGLES top-level category "Noun".
A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can
co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the
head of a noun phrase. The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning
"name", and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those
expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, idea or
an appointment. They serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of a
preposition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CommonNoun
noun common
common noun
EAGLES Noun with Type="Common".
A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CountableNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CountableNoun
noun countable
countable noun
EAGLES Noun with Countability="Countable".
A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral
and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with
quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc..
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DiminutiveNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DiminutiveNoun
noun diminutive
diminutive noun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225
diminutive noun (MIRACL LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225)
subClassOf noun (dcif:isA); can be proper name (German Julchen from Julia,
Russian Olichka from Olga) or common noun (German Blümchen from Blume "flower",
Russian yozhik from yozh "hedgehock")
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MassNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MassNoun
noun mass
mass noun
EAGLES Noun with Countability="Mass".
A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a
numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProperNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProperNoun
noun proper
proper noun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelationNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelationNoun
noun relation
relation noun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226
relation noun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SpatiotemporalNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SpatiotemporalNoun
noun spatiotemporal
spatiotemporal noun
adopted from Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#SpatiotemporalNoun
NLOC Noun Location This is an entirely new tag introduced to cover an important
phenomenon of Indian Languages. Words like 'Age', 'upara', 'pahele', 'bAda', etc.
are used in various ways in Hindi. 1. They act as a postposition along with 'ke'
e.g. ghade ke upara thAlI rakhI HE. ("pot" "on" "plate" "kept" "is") Here 'ke upara'
is a post position which is the direct equivalent of the English preposition 'on'.
2. They also act as adverbs. e.g. tuma upara jAo. ("You" "up" "go") Here 'upara' is
an adverbial of place. 3. These words also take post positions themselves and so in
some sense behave like nouns. e.g. vaHa upara se AyA. ("He" "above" "from" "came")
4. As pointed out in 3. above, these words take postpositions and act as arguments
of the verb in the sentence. And they also take a post position to join with a
another noun. So in that sense also they behave like nouns. e.g. upara kA HissA
("above" "of" "portion") To tag such words one option is to tag them according to
the category to which they belong in the given sentence. For example in 1. above,
the word is occurring as a postposition so can be marked as a postposition. In
example 2. above, it is an adverb so can be marked as an adverb and so on. But we
feel that these words are more like nouns as is evident from 3. and 4. above, and
also if we consider for examples, 'aage', 'upara', etc. as places which are in
front, up, etc then we can tag them as nouns. But these are not pure nouns. They are
nouns which indicate a location or time. These also function as adverbs or
prepositions in a context. So a new tag NLOC is introduced for such words. This tag
will cater to a finite set of such words. set: (Age, piche, upara, nIce, bAda,
pahele) ("front", "behind", "above", "below", "before") Such words if tagged
according to their syntactic function, it will hamper machine learning. So a single
tag, NLOC has been devised for such words which indicate location and time. e.g.,
(upara, Age, pahele, bAda) (IIIT (2007), A Part of Speech Tagger for Indian
Languages (POS tagger), Tagset developed at IIIT - Hyderabad after consultations
with several institutions through two workshops. available under
http://shiva.iiit.ac.in/SPSAL2007/iiit_tagset_guidelines.pdf)
Noun denoting spatial and temporal expressions "A tag NST has been included to
cover an important phenomenon of Indian languages. Certain expressions such as
'Upara' (above/up), 'nIce' (below) 'pahale' (before), 'Age' (front) etc are content
words denoting time and space. These expressions, however, are used in various ways.
For example, 5.1.2.1 These words often occur as temporal or spatial arguments of a
verb in a given sentence taking the appropriate vibhakti (case marker): h3. vaha
Upara so rahA thA . 'he' 'upstairs' 'sleep' 'PROG' 'was' “He was sleepign upstairs”.
h4. vaha pahale se kamare meM bEThA thA . 'he' 'beforehand' 'from' ' room' 'in'
'sitting' 'was' “He was sitting in the room from beforehand” h5. tuma bAhara bETho
'you' 'outside' 'sit' “You sit outside”. Apart from functioning like an argument of
a verb, these elements also modify another noun taking postposition 'kA'. h6. usakA
baDZA bhAI Upara ke hisse meM rahatA hE 'his' 'elder' 'brother' 'upstairs' 'of'
'portion' 'in' 'live' 'PRES' “His elder brother lives in the upper portion of the
house”. 5.1.2.2 Apart from occuring as a nominal expression, they also occur as a
part of a postposition along with 'ke'. For example, h7. ghaDZe ke Upara thAlI rakhI
hE. 'pot' 'of' 'above' 'plate' 'kept' 'is' The plate is kept on the pot”. h8. tuma
ghara ke bAhara bETho 'you' 'home' 'of' 'outside' 'sit' “You sit outside the house”.
'Upara' and 'bAhara' are parts of complex postpositions 'ke Upara' and 'ke bAhara'
in (h6) and (h7) respectively which can be translated into English prepositions 'on'
and 'outside'. For tagging such words, one possible option is to tag them according
to their syntactic function in the given context. For example in 5.2.2 (h7) above,
the word 'Upara' is occurring as part of a postposition or a relation marker. It
can, therefore, be marked as a postposition. Similarly, in 5.2.1. (h3) and (h6)
above, it is a noun, therefore, mark it as a noun and so on. Alternatively, since
these words are more like nouns, as is evident from 5.2.1 above they can be tagged
as nouns in all there occurrences. The same would apply to 'bAhAra' (outside) in
examples examples (h4), (h5) and (h8). However, if we follow any of the above
approaches we miss out on the fact that this class of words is slightly different
from other nouns. These are nouns which indicate 'location' or 'time'. At the same
time, they also function as postpositions in certain contexts. Moreover, such words,
if tagged according to their syntactic function, will hamper machine learning.
Considering their special status, it was considered whether to introduce a new tag,
NST, for such expressions. The following five possibilities were discussed : a) Tag
both (h5) & (h8) as NN b) Tag both (h5) & (h8) as NST c) Tag (h5) as NN
& (h8) as NST d) Tag (h5) as NST & (h8) as PSP e) Tag (h5) as NN & (h8)
as PSP After considering all the above, the decision was taken in favour of (b). The
decision was primarily based on the following observations: (i) 'bAhara' in both
(h5) and (h8) denotes the same expression (place expression 'outside') (ii) In both
(h5) and (h8), 'bAhara' can take a vibhakti like a noun ( bAhara ko bETho, ghara ke
bAhara ko bETho) (iii) If a single tag is kept for both the usages, the decision
making for annotators would also be easier. Therefore, a new tag NST is introduced
for such expressions. The tag NST will be used for a finite set of such words in any
language. For example, Hindi has Age (front), pIche (behind), Upara
(above/upstairs), nIce (below/down), bAda (after), pahale (before), andara (inside),
bAhara (outside) etc." (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev
Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk
Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre
IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006,
http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbalNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbalNoun
noun verbal
verbal noun
Missing in EAGLES, added as subclass of Verb and Noun in accordance with the
SFB632 annotation guidelines: VN verbal noun (§4.3.12.2): Some of the Chadic
languages have morphologically opaque verbal noun stems in the progresive aspect,
i.e. it is not obvious from the morphology that we deal with a deverbal noun,
instead of a verb proper. In such cases, use the tag VN.
A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem,
sharing at least in part its constructions. This term is applied especially to
gerunds, and sometimes also to infinitives and supines.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VoiceNoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VoiceNoun
noun voice
voice noun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253
noun of a voice (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CardinalNumber
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CardinalNumber
number cardinal
cardinal number
EAGLES Numeral with Type="Cardinal".
A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic
in form, used in counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CountNumber
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CountNumber
number count
count number
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CountNumber
MULTEXT-East feature Number="count" (Nouns in Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian),
e.g., Bulgarian яка/як, язовира/язовир, яда/яд, юргана/юрган, юбилея/юбилей,
ъгъла/ъгъл (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CountNumber)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OrdinalNumber
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OrdinalNumber
number ordinal
ordinal number
EAGLES Numeral with Type="Ordinal".
An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate
positions in a sequence, e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third".
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Numeral
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Numeral
numeral
EAGLES top-level category Numeral (NU). Modelled as subclass of Quantifier (a
concept that is absent in EAGLES) in accordance with GOLD. DCR subclassification
(numberBoth, numeralRoman) ignored
Subclassification combines syntactic (Ordinal/CardinalNumeral) and morphological
(Fraction, ApproximateNumeral) criteria. To be resolved. In the MULTEXT-East
ontology, the latter aspect is represented as
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MorphologicalFormOfNumeral
A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that
expresses a number, and relation to the number, such as one of the following:
Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ApproximateNumeral
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ApproximateNumeral
numeral approximate
approximate numeral
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral
Bulgarian has Numeral/Form=approx(a), used for approximate numerals (десетина
/about a ten/, стотина /about a hundred/) (Dimitrova et al. 2009,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CollectiveNumeral
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CollectiveNumeral
numeral collective
collective numeral
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral
Numeral/Type="collect" (Romanian)<br/> In traditional Romanian grammars,
expressions like amândoi "both", toţi trei "all three" are referred to as collective
numerals. (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
e.g., czworga/czworo, czworgiem/czworo, czworgu/czworo, czworo/czworo,
dwoje/dwoje, dwojga/dwoje, dwojgiem/dwoje, dwojgu/dwoje, jedenaścioro/jedenaścioro
(pl, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
e.g., обата, обајцата, обете, шеесетминава/шеесетмина, шеесетминана/шеесетмина,
шеесетмината/шеесетмина, шеснаесетминава/шеснаесетмина,
шеснаесетминана/шеснаесетмина, шеснаесетмината/шеснаесетмина (mk,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
e.g., dvadesetora/dvadesetoro, dvoja/dvoje, dvoje, dvoji/dvoje, dvojih/dvoje,
dvojim/dvoje, oboje, tridesetora/tridesetoro, troja/troje (sr,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
e.g., ambelor/ambii, ambilor/ambii, amânduror/amândoi, amândurora/amândoi,
câteşipatru, tuspatru (ro,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MultipleNumeral
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MultipleNumeral
numeral multiple
multiple numeral
TODO: rename to MultiplicativeNumeral
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral,
http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#MultiplicativeNumeral; As "manyfold" fits Ghostwick's
definition, MultipleNumeral is modelled as a subclass of Quantifier rather than
Numeral. In MULTEXT-East, "Numeral" was extended to coover non-numerical
quantifiers, hence the name.
A Multiple Numeral serves to define a complex whole, with respect to the number of
its parts, e.g., English "twofold", "twice" or "manyfold". Used in morphosyntactic
descriptions of, e.g., Romanian, Slovak and Czech. (Joseph Ghostwick [1878], English
language -- Grammar, Historical, London, Longmans, Green, and Co.;
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectObject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectObject
object direct
direct object
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/directObject,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1274
A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain
independent syntactic properties, such as the following: the usual grammatical
characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs; particular case
marking; a particular clause position; the conditioning of an agreement affix on the
verb; the capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization; the capability
of reflexivization. The identification of the direct object relation may be further
confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar direct object relations
previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing
correspondence between translation equivalents (Crystal 1985: 94; Hartmann and Stork
1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 358; Comrie 1989: 66; Andrews, Avery 1985: 68,120,126;
Comrie 1985a: 337). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/directObject)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndirectObject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndirectObject
object indirect
indirect object
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#R,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1310
An indirect object is a grammatical relation that is one means of expressing the
semantic role of goal and other similar roles. It is proposed for languages in which
the role is distinct from the direct object and the oblique object on the basis of
multiple independent syntactic or morphological criteria, such as the following: (i)
Having a particular case marking, commonly dative (ii) Governing an agreement affix
on the verb, such as person or number (iii) Being distinct from oblique relations in
that it may be relativized A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase indicating the recipient
or beneficiary of the action of a verb and its direct object
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1310) Third argument of a ditransitive verb.
Ditransitive recipient (Siewierska 2004:57).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#R)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PrepositionalObject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PrepositionalObject
object prepositional
prepositional object
Prepositional object
added in conformance with SFB632 annotation guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007,
§4.3.4)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FacultativePrepositionalObject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FacultativePrepositionalObject
object prepositional facultative
facultative prepositional object
facultative (i.e. optional) prepositional object, e.g., passivized subject
(von-phrase)
TüBa-D/Z edge label FOPP
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticObject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticObject
object syntactic
syntactic object
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticObject
In linguistics, the object of a transitive verb is one of its core arguments,
which generally represents the target of the verb's action or the undergoer of its
effects. In more general terms, an object is a patient. Verbs with no object (as in
the sentence "I run") are called intransitive verbs. Those which do take objects are
called transitive verbs. Transitive verbs which take only one object are known as
monotransitive. Ditransitive verbs have two objects, a patient and a recipient.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28grammar%29).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticObject) An
object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object. An
object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject (Crystal
1985: 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155-156; Mish et al. 1990: 814, Comrie 1989:
66). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/object)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TransitiveObject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TransitiveObject
object transitive
transitive object
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#P
Second argument of a transitive verb, transitive object (P)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#P)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ThirdObviative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ThirdObviative
obviative third
third obviative
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdObviative, modelled here as a subconcept of
Third
Obviative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further
removed from the speaker than other non-particpants.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdObviative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CloseParenthesis
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CloseParenthesis
parenthesis close
close parenthesis
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440
End of a parenthesis pair. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OpenParenthesis
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OpenParenthesis
parenthesis open
open parenthesis
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442
Beginning of a pair of parenthesis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Participle
participle
EAGLES NonFinite with VerbForm="Participle".
A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the
characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. In English, participles
may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite forms of verbs.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm
19.09.06) Non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive that is used in many
languages possibly in conjunction with an auxiliary and that functions
attributively, predicatively or adverbially.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1341)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdverbialParticiple
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdverbialParticiple
participle adverbial
adverbial participle
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple
Adverb/Type="participle" is used in the Slovene MTE v4 specs, e.g., 'leže' /
lying. Slovenian adverbial participles are, however, not attested for Resian. (MTE
v4)(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalParticiple
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalParticiple
participle conditional
conditional participle
adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages
e.g. Bengali বুঝলে (bujhle) from বোঝা (bojha) "to understand"
(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE)
[In Bengali, t]he Conditional Participle is widely used to convey "if a certain
action [pertaining to the parent verb] is done,...". The logic is: "in the case or
condition of a certain action being done". Being impersonal, without regard for the
doer of the action that caused the condition, it is not declined to suit number or
gender. If this doer is not defined in the Bengali condition clause but needs to be
stated in a natural-sounding English translation, this is identified and drawn from
the second clause. For example:- Student: Teaching Truth in Bengali If you pay
attention,* you will learn. manoyog kar-*le* tumi shikh-be. * [or, If attention is
paid] (http://www.jaspell.co.uk/bengalicourse2007/wb149study49.pdf)
TODO: check whether this could be modelled as Participle and hasMood some
ConditionalMood
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EmbeddedParticiple
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EmbeddedParticiple
participle embedded
embedded participle
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withParticipleAsHead,
http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ParticipialConstruction
A participle is the head of the embedded construction.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withParticipleAsHead)
Participial constructions are used as adjunct clauses in Old High German. As they
lack a finite verb form they are kept separately from finite subordinate clauses.
(http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ParticipialConstruction)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PastParticiple
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PastParticiple
participle past
past participle
introduced as a shorthand for Participle and hasTense some Past
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PresentParticiple
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PresentParticiple
participle present
present participle
introduced as a shorthand for Participle and hasTense some Present
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Particle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Particle
particle
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AffirmativeParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AffirmativeParticle
particle affirmative
affirmative particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918
Particle used to express affirmation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AspectParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AspectParticle
particle aspect
aspect particle
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle
In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="aspect"
modifies the verbs and carries information on the verb form, i.e., on its aspect
(Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ComparativeParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ComparativeParticle
particle comparative
comparative particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922
Particle used to compare. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalParticle
particle conditional
conditional particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230
conditional particule (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230)
DCR subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ContrastiveParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ContrastiveParticle
particle contrastive
contrastive particle
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordinationParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CoordinationParticle
particle coordination
coordination particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227
particle for coordination (MIRACL & LSCA;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DistinctiveParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DistinctiveParticle
particle distinctive
distinctive particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228
distinctive particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EmphaticParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EmphaticParticle
particle emphatic
emphatic particle
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExistentialParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExistentialParticle
particle existential
existential particle
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere
English existential there is specified as a subtype of pronoun in MTE v4, i.e.,
Pronoun/Type="ex-there"
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FutureParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FutureParticle
particle future
future particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919, taxonomic organization (under
VerbalParticle) follows http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FutureParticle,
regrouped under TenseMarkingParticle
Particle used in order to express future. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InfinitiveParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InfinitiveParticle
particle infinitive
infinitive particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896, taxonomic organization follows
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InfinitiveParticle
Particle used to express infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativeParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativeParticle
particle interrogative
interrogative particle
TODO: check relationship with interrogative adverb
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921
Particle used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TenseMarkingParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TenseMarkingParticle
particle marking tense
tense marking particle
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModalParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ModalParticle
particle modal
modal particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920
TOCHECK: is this definition correct ? Could it be that ModalParticle actually
means "VerbalParticle marking mood" ? (Cf. ModalityMarkingAdverb)
Particle which functions as a modal. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MorphologicalParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MorphologicalParticle
particle morphological
morphological particle
added in accordance with TIGER MorphologicalParticle
added in accordance with TIGER MorphologicalParticle
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NegativeParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NegativeParticle
particle negative
negative particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894
Particle used to express negation. (Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessiveParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessiveParticle
particle possessive
possessive particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895
Particle expressing ownship. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PreverbalParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PreverbalParticle
particle preverbal
preverbal particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1455 (preverbalParticleLmf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativeParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativeParticle
particle relative
relative particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229
relative particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubjunctiveParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubjunctiveParticle
particle subjunctive
subjunctive particle
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle
In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="future"
modifies the verbs and marks the verb as being subjunctive, e.g., s-/să, să (Dan
Tufis, email 2010/06/09,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuperlativeParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuperlativeParticle
particle superlative
superlative particle
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923
Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between
more than two entities and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are
involved and positive where no comparison is implied. (Crystal 2003;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923)
subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbalParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbalParticle
particle verbal
verbal particle
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle
A verbal particle modifies the verb and carries information on the verb form
(e.g., finiteness, tense and aspect). (Dimitrova et al. 2009, Dan Tufis, email
2010/06/09). In the Bulgarian MTE specs, Particle/Type=verbal(v) is used to form
different type of verbal syntactical relationships, e.g. to create future tense (ще
говориш), or particles like се, да. (Dimitrova et al. 2009) The Romanian MTE v4
specs provide a more fine-grained subclassification of (verbal) particles (MTE v4,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VoiceParticle
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VoiceParticle
particle voice
voice particle
generalization over EAGLES:
http://purl.org/olia/eagles.owl#MediopassiveVoiceParticle
E.g., the mediopassive (middle) voice marker se in the Portuguese EAGLES scheme.
(Leech and Wilson 1996)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AgentDeletionPassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AgentDeletionPassive
passive deletion agent
agent deletion passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassive
The object of the active retains its old case-marking in the passive, the subject
of the active cannot appear in the passive clause, and the passive tends to be
semantically active. (Givon 1988:419)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImpersonalPassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImpersonalPassive
passive impersonal
impersonal passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassive
A Passive that alters the mapping of a nominal to the Subject relation in a basic
intransitive structure (Klaiman 1991:23)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonInversePassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonInversePassive
passive inverse non
non inverse passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Passive Unlike the GOLD definition, Passive is
often not clearly distinguished from Inverse: According to Givón (1988), Inverse is
characterized by obligatory realization of the suppressed agent, whereas the
realization of the agent in a passive construction is optional (or impossible). This
restrictive definition of passive does, however, conflict with the use of the term
"passive" for European languages. Then, English and German "Passive" would be
Inverses. Therefore, Inverse is a subconcept of Passive here. Givón's original
Passive is NonInversePassive.
An agent-demoting voice construction where the realization of the demoted agent
is not obligatory (against Inverse). In terminological systems that distinguish
"InverseVoice" from "Passive" (e.g., Givon, 1988), this is the "Passive" concept.
(Ch. Chiarcos) Associated with actions performed on the subject by an unspecified
agent. (McIntosh 1984:108) Refers to the category of verb forms, typically
identifies with a specific morphological marking, that encode the derived diatheses
in which the agent role is not linked with a subject noun phrase (Shibatani 1995:7)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Passive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LocativePassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LocativePassive
passive locative
locative passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassive
An oblique locative nominal assumes the subject relation. (Klaiman 1991:17)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NecessitativePassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NecessitativePassive
passive necessitative
necessitative passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassive
A passive in Irish in which the preposition "with" is used, and a semantic
meaning of necessity is added. (Noonan 1994:280)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ObliquePassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ObliquePassive
passive oblique
oblique passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassive
A Passive in which a basic Oblique nominal assumes the Subject relation in a
corresponding nonbasic configuration. Can include locative passives, benefactive
passives and instrumental passives. (Klaiman 1991:23)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PersonalPassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PersonalPassive
passive personal
personal passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassive
A Passive in which the argument mapped to Object in a basic structural
configuration assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic
configuration. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProgressivePassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProgressivePassive
passive progressive
progressive passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassive
A passive in Irish in which the preposition "at" is used, and a semantic meaning
of progressive tense is found (Noonan 1994:280)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReflexivePassive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReflexivePassive
passive reflexive
reflexive passive
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassive
A Passive construction which contains reflexive markings. (Siewierska 1988:257)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassive)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Past
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Past
past
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense
The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the
past. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense 17.11.06) The past tense refers to a
tense category which places an event in the past.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HesternalPast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HesternalPast
past hesternal
hesternal past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HesternalPast, classified as Past here
HesternalPastTense locates the situation in question somewhere in the span
beginning with the period defined culturally as 'yesterday' and extends back through
some period that is considered nonremote (Comrie 1985:87-88; Dahl 1985:126).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HesternalPast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HodiernalPast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HodiernalPast
past hodiernal
hodiernal past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalPast, classified as Past here
HodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before the moment of
utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl
1985:125-126). Contrasts with PreHodiernalPastTense.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalPast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PreHodiernalPast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PreHodiernalPast
past hodiernal pre
pre hodiernal past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreHodiernalPast, classified as absolute
tense
PreHodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before that of a
contrasting HodiernalPastTense. According to Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98. this
category must be defined relative to a HodiernalPastTense.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreHodiernalPast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImmediatePast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImmediatePast
past immediate
immediate past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediatePast, classified as Past here
ImmediatePastTense locates the situation in question at a time considered very
recent in relation to the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 87).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediatePast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FutureInPast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FutureInPast
past in future
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInPast, classified as absolute-relative
tense here
FutureInPastTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a
contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the
past relative to the moment of utterance.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInPast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RecentPast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RecentPast
past recent
recent past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RecentPast
RecentPastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment,
but by culturally and situationally defined criteria, usually within the span
ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl
1985:121-122). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RecentPast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativePast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativePast
past relative
relative past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePast
RelativePastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contextually
determined temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 104). Also called
PastPerfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RemotePast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RemotePast
past remote
remote past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemotePast, classified as absolute-relative
here
RemotePastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment,
usually more than a few days ago (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:88). Subsumes notion of
PreHesternalPast tense, which locates the situation in question before that of an
opposing hesternal past tense. (Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemotePast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SimplePast
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SimplePast
past simple
simple past
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past
PastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, with no
specification on the distance in time (Comrie 1985).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Paucal
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Paucal
paucal
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350
TODO: rename to PaucalNumber, because of the existence of PaucalQuantifier in
MULTEXT-East
Number that specifies 'a few' things. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucal_number;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350)
subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Perfect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Perfect
perfect
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351, modelled as an absolute tense here
A verb tense that refers to completed action in the past. It corresponds to three
English tenses. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FuturePerfect
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FuturePerfect
perfect future
future perfect
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativeFuture,
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292
RelativeFutureTense locates the situation in question after a contextually
determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the
moment of utterance. Also called FuturePerfectTense (Comrie 1985:69-71).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativeFuture) A verb tense that refers to an
action or state of being completed in the future. Translation into English requires
the use of the auxiliary verbs will/shall have.
(www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292) A tense of verbs describing an action that
will have been performed by a certain time. In English this is formed with will have
or shall have plus the past participle.
(www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=future+perfect;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Personal
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Personal
personal
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1946
Property that refers to the person. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1946)
subClassOf referentType (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Phrase
phrase
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase
Phrase is the class of syntactic constructions that consist of one or more
syntactic words, but lack the subject-predicate organization of a clause. Phrases
get their grammatical characteristics according to what word occupies the head
position; thus, all phrases have heads [Crystal 1980, 232-233; Pei and Gaynor 1954,
169; Pike and Pike 1982, 453]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdjectivePhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdjectivePhrase
phrase adjective
adjective phrase
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjectivePhrase
AdjectivePhrase is the class of phrases that have adjectives as heads.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjectivePhrase)
An adjective phrase may consist of an adjective, or a sequence of words in which
an adjective is the head of the phrase, as shown in 47 to 50 below. (47) [NP his
[ADJP surprisingly thick and hairy ADJP] wrists NP] (48) [NP some [ADJP [ADJP wholly
unanticipated ADJP] but [ADJP remotely possible ADJP] ADJP] event NP] (49) [S [NP
His speeches NP] [VP are [ADVP always ADVP] [ADJP too long [PP for comfort PP] ADJP]
VP] S] (50) [AUX have AUX] [NP you NP] [VP found [NP something [ADJP suitable [PP
for [NP your needs NP] PP] ADJP] NP] VP] ?
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node36.html)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdverbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AdverbPhrase
phrase adverb
adverb phrase
An adverb phrase may consist of an adverb, or a sequence of words in which an
adverb is the head of the phrase. Adverb phrases may function as adverbials, as in
41: (41) [NP Her beautiful white hat NP] [VP was [ADVP very nearly ADVP] ruined VP]
or as modifiers of adjectives, as in 42: (42) [NP Il NP] [VP parle [ADVP infiniment
plus couramment ADVP] VP] or noun phrases, as in 43: (43) [NP They NP] [VP let [NP
me NP] [VP speak VP] [ADVP now and then ADVP] VP] or as the complement of a
preposition, as in 44: (44) [ADVP Strangely enough ADVP] , [NP we NP] [VP received
[NP a reply NP] [NP the next day NP] VP] Other examples: (45) [NP The book NP] [VP
is [ADVP right here ADVP] VP] (46) [ADVP Como [NP resultado [PP de [NP esa trama NP]
PP] NP] ADVP] [VP no se lleva [PP a cabo PP] [NP ninguna acción NP] VP]
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node35.html)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConjunctionPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConjunctionPhrase
phrase conjunction
conjunction phrase
Penn bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
Multi-word conjunction Besides the usual and, or, but, etc., certain prepositions
and subordinating conjunctions can be used as coordinating conjunctions. Multi-word
coordinating conjunctions are labeled CONJP (see section 7 [Coordination]). ...
CONJP — Conjunction Phrase. Used to mark certain “multi-word” conjunctions, such as
as well as, instead of. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeterminerPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DeterminerPhrase
phrase determiner
determiner phrase
TüBa-D/Z, NOTE: not to be confused with "determiner phrase" in generative
grammar, which would be a NounPhrase in most annotation frameworks
Certain pronouns serving as determiners in noun phrases may be premodified, for
instance, by degree adverbs such as in German "so viele ¨Altere", "gar kein Schutz",
etc. In the case of "so viele Ältere", the premodifying adverb so is attached to the
indefinite pronoun viele. Together, they form a determiner phrase (DP), which is
attached to the head noun Ältere on the same level: [so viele] Ältere (Telljohann et
al. 2009, p.63)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ForeignPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ForeignPhrase
phrase foreign
foreign phrase
TüBa-D/Z
Single foreign words are projected to a syntactic level assigned the node label
FX, which is an universal label for any syntactic category (phrasal and sentential)
in the respective foreign language. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.44)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounHeadedPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NounHeadedPhrase
phrase headed noun
noun headed phrase
A NounHeadedPhrase takes a nominal as its (semantic) head. Introduced as a
generalization over NounPhrase and PrepositionalPhrase for reasons of consistency
with dependency parsers like Connexor where this differentiation is not made.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NounPhrase
phrase noun
noun phrase
NounPhrase is the class of phrases that have nouns as heads. They can play the
role of subject in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NounPhrase)
At phrase level, the noun phrase is probably the least problematic of the
categories to be dealt with. In general, a noun phrase will a have noun or a pronoun
as its head, and included within the noun phrase are the determinative elements, any
premodification, and any postmodification. The examples below, 14 to 17 show noun
phrases with the head noun/pronoun in bold: (14) [NP He NP] was a tiny man (15) [NP
his white shirt cuffs NP] (16) [NP his surprisingly thick and hairy wrists NP] (17)
[NP some wholly unanticipated but remotely possible event of absorbing interest NP]
However, noun phrases may also occur with adjectival heads, as in 18 and 19: (18)
[NP The unemployed NP] have had enough (19) We've beaten [NP the best NP] or with a
head which is a cardinal or ordinal number, as in 20 and 21: (20) [NP The ninth NP]
is my particular favourite (21) [NP The other seven NP] continued with the trip In
`pro-drop' languages, such as Spanish and Italian, pronominal Subjects are usually
not expressed. Depending on the chosen type of analysis, this may require another
definition of noun phrase, in order to include `empty noun phrases', in which the
pronoun is not actually present, but may be inferred from the verb ending. A classic
constituency test for Noun Phrases is that only whole NPs can be moved within the
same sentence. In English, constituents can be preposed to achieve some effect, as
in 23 (from Radford 1988: 70): (22) I can't stand your elder sister (23) Your elder
sister I can't stand (though your brother's OK). Examples 24 and 25 show that it is
not possible to move only part of the NP: (24) *Your elder I can't stand sister (25)
*Elder sister, I can't stand your However, this test should be used with caution. It
works well in English, but not always in other languages. For example, in 26 Neue
Bücher is moved to the beginning of the sentence while keine is left at the end:
(26) Neue Bücher habe ich keine new books have I no `I have not got any new books'
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node32.html)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PrepositionalPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PrepositionalPhrase
phrase prepositional
prepositional phrase
A sequence of a preposition and its complement is a prepositional phrase. The
complement of a preposition is usually a noun phrase (see examples 38 to 40), but
may also be a clause or an adverb phrase. According to the categories recommended
here, a prepositional phrase may be analysed further into preposition and noun
phrase. The examples below demonstrate how this further analysis can be a recursive
procedure. (38) [PP en [NP sustitucion [PP de [NP los canales correspondientes [PP
de [NP 50 baudios NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP]. (39) [NP Fairbanks NP] [VP hummed [NP a
few bars NP] VP] [PP in [NP a voice [VP made resonant [PP by [NP the very weakness
[PP of [NP his chest NP] PP] NP] PP] VP] NP] PP]. (40) [PP En [NP el caso [PP de [NP
un sistema mixto [PP en [NP el [CL que [VP se utilicen [NP canales [PP con [NP tres
velocidades [PP de [NP modulacion NP] PP] diferentes NP] PP] NP] VP] CL] NP] PP] NP]
PP] NP] PP] In a language such as Spanish, where a large proportion of the
modification of nouns takes the form of a following preposition de and another noun,
this recursion is extremely prevalent, as in 40. In cases where the prepositional
phrase is complemented by a one word noun phrase, it may be advantageous to leave
the analysis at this point, rather than continuing to analyse further by enclosing
the complement (see also one-word constituents).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node34.html#SECTION00052500000000000000)
EAGLES
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbPhrase
phrase verb
verb phrase
VerbPhrase is the class of phrases that have verbs as heads. They can play the
role of predicate in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VerbPhrase)
This category is slightly more difficult to define, since there is disagreement
over the extent of the verb phrase. In particular, should the verb phrase include
only the words that are verbs, or should it also include the complements of the
verb? In the examples given in this document, and in the sample texts in the
appendices, we have chosen to include the complements, but it must be noted that
this is an open issue, and we are in no way implying that this analysis is
preferable to the alternative. The choice to be made at this level, i.e. the
inclusion or exclusion of verbal complements in the Verb Phrase, is shown by the
examples in 27 and 28, 27 showing the inclusion of the complement of the verb in the
verb phrase and 28 excluding the complement: (27) He [VP took up [NP a clothes brush
NP] VP] (28) He [VP took up VP] [NP a clothes brush NP] An advantage in the type of
analysis shown in 27 is that the relative levels of the constituents can be shown to
a greater extent -- i.e. complements of the verb are included in the verb phrase,
while adjuncts and peripheral adverbials are left at sentence level. However, in a
case where an adjunct occurs before the complement of the verb, the approaches used
in 27 and 28 would cause problems, since either both the adjunct and the complement
would be included as daughters of the verb phrase, or both would be daughters of the
sentence, rather than keeping the complement as a daughter of the verb phrase and
the adjunct as a sister of the verb phrase. These problems may be solved by an
additional notation, but at some level, arbitrariness is inevitable. Regardless of
the choice made over the extent of the Verb Phrase, there arises a problem of
discontinuous Verb Phrases. A complex verbal construction may be discontinuous, e.g.
the auxiliary and the main verb are separated in inverted constructions in English,
or the main verb is positioned at the end of the sentence in German and Dutch. Such
discontinuity can be avoided by having different labels and constituents for the
auxiliary verb and the main verb, resulting in an analysis as shown in the Dutch
example 29 below: (29) [NP Ze NP] [AUX zullen AUX] [ADVP er ADVP] [VP [NP de
VN-agenda [PP voor [NP het komende jaar NP] PP] NP] behandelen VP]. and in the
English interrogative inverted example 30, using the so-called `dummy auxiliary' do:
(30) [AUX Do AUX] [NP they NP] [VP confide [PP in you PP] VP]? As with Noun Phrases,
Verb Phrases can be identified by a constituency test. In strong constituency
languages like English, the whole VP can be moved, but not part of it: compare 31
and 32: (31) Give in to blackmail, I never will (32) *Give in, I never will to
blackmail However, there are languages in which constituent tests do not work. These
will typically be languages with flexible word order, such as Finnish. 33 is an
example of a discontinuous VP (Vilkuna 1989: 26): (33) Maailmaa nähnyt hän on.
world-Part seen he is `He IS a widely-travelled person.' For Finnish, then, evidence
for a VP is less convincing than it is for English, and a dependency approach seems
the more natural choice. (Covington (1990) provides a parsing strategy for variable
word order languages and Covington (1991) for parsing discontinuous constituents,
both using a dependency syntax approach.) In Italian also, constituency tests cannot
be applied. This can be shown through the distribution of VP-adverbs (e.g.
completamente `completely', intenzionalmente `intentionally', attentamente
`carefully') and S-adverbs (e.g. probabilmente `probably', certamente `certainly').
In English, these different classes of adverbs have a different distribution within
the sentence. In contrast, in Italian, the distinct adverb classes cannot be
distinguished on the basis of their distribution in the sentence. S-adverbs and
VP-adverbs can occur in the same positions within the sentence, as illustrated in
examples 34 to 37: (34) Attentamente/certamente, il bambino ascoltó la storia
`Carefully/certainly, the child listened to the story' (35) Il bambino
attentamente/certamente ascoltó la storia `The child carefully/certainly listened to
the story' (36) Il bambino ascoltó attentamente/certamente la storia `The child
listened carefully/certainly to the story' (37) Il bambino ascoltó la storia
attentamente/certamente `The child listened to the story carefully/certainly' Thus,
in Italian as well as other languages, neither the position nor the syntactic
context can help to decide whether an adverb is an S-adverb or a VP-adverb; this can
only be stated by considering its semantic content and the way it relates to the
content of the predicate or the sentence. This situation has consequences for the
success of standard VP-tests. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node33.html)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FiniteVerbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FiniteVerbPhrase
phrase verb finite
finite verb phrase
TüBa-D/Z
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GerundVerbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GerundVerbPhrase
phrase verb gerund
gerund verb phrase
Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#GerundChunk
VGNN Gerunds A verb chunk having a gerund will be annotated as VGNN. For example,
h18a. sharAba ((pInA_VM))_VGNN sehata ke liye hAnikAraka hE. 'liquor' 'drinking'
'heath' 'for' 'harmful' 'is' “Drinking (liquor) is bad for health” h19a. mujhe rAta
meM ((khAnA_VM))_VGNN acchA lagatA hai 'to me' 'night' 'in' 'eating' 'good'
'appeals' “I like eating at night” h20a. ((sunane_VM meM_PSP))_VGNN saba kuccha
acchA lagatA hE 'listening' 'in' 'all' 'things' 'good' 'appeal' 'is' (Akshar
Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra :
Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages,
Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of
15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InfinitiveVerbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InfinitiveVerbPhrase
phrase verb infinitive
infinitive verb phrase
Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#InfiniteVerbChunk
VGINF Infinitival Verb Chunk This tag is to mark the infinitival verb form. In
Hindi, both, gerunds and infinitive forms of the verb end with a -nA suffix. Since
both behave functionally in a similar manner, the distinction is not very clear.
However, languages such as Bangla etc have two different forms for the two types.
Examples from Bangla are given below. b8. Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN SorIrera
pokze BAlo 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'health-gen' 'for' 'good' ‘Taking bath
in the early morning is good for health” b9. bindu Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF
BAlobAse 'Bindu' 'morning' 'bath' 'take-inf' 'love-3pr' “Bindu likes to take bath in
the early morning” In Bangla, the gerund form takes the suffix –A / -Ano, while the
infinitive marker is –we. The syntactic distribution of these two forms of verbs is
different. For example, the gerund form is allowed in the context of the word
darakAra “necessary” while the infinitive form is not, as exemplified below: b10
Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN darakAra 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'necessary'
“It is necessary to take bath in the early morning” b11. *Borabela ((snAna
karawe))_VGINF darakAra Based on the above evidence from Bangla, the tag VGINF has
been included to mark a verb chunk. (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi
Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And
Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research
Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006,
http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonfiniteVerbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonfiniteVerbPhrase
phrase verb nonfinite
nonfinite verb phrase
TüBa-D/Z
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHAdjectivePhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHAdjectivePhrase
phrase whadjective
whadjective phrase
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al.
1995)
WHADJP â´ Wh-adjective Phrase. Adjectival phrase containing a
wh-adverb, as in how hot. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHAdverbPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHAdverbPhrase
phrase whadverb
whadverb phrase
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al.
1995)
WHADVP|Wh-adverb phrase. Phrasal category headed by a wh-adverb such as how or
why. (Santorini 1991) WHADVP â´ Wh-adverb Phrase. Introduces a
clause with an ADVP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical,
containing a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHNounPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHNounPhrase
phrase whnoun
whnoun phrase
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al.
1995)
WHNP|Wh-noun phrase. Noun phrase containing (among other things) a wh-determiner,
as in which book or whose daughter, or consisting of a wh-pronoun like who.
(Santorini 1991) WHNP â´ Wh-noun Phrase. Introduces a clause with
an NP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing some
wh-word, e.g. who, which book, whose daughter, none of which, or how many leopards.
(Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHPrepositionalPhrase
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHPrepositionalPhrase
phrase whprepositional
whprepositional phrase
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al.
1995)
WHPP|Wh-prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-determiner, as
in by whatever means necessary. (Santorini 1991) WHPP â´
Wh-prepositional Phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-noun phrase (such as
of which or by whose authority) that either introduces a PP gap or is contained by a
WHNP. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Plural
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Plural
plural
EAGLES
Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the
referent in the real world. In English, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives inflect
for plurality. In many other languages, for example German and the various Romance
languages, articles and adjectives also inflect for plurality.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BrokenPlural
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BrokenPlural
plural broken
broken plural
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218
Internal plural that do not have any inflection.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218)
subClassOf plural (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Point
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Point
point
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445
Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExclamativePoint
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExclamativePoint
point exclamative
exclamative point
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441
Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441)
MainPunctuation, not SentenceFinalPunctuation because of the Spanish inverted
exclamation point (Chiarcos)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SuspensionPoints
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SuspensionPoints
points suspension
suspension points
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447
Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or
"etc" (abbreviated form). (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondPolite
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SecondPolite
polite second
second polite
EAGLES PersonalPronoun attribute Politeness="Polite". The EAGLES attribute
politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns. In French, for
example, it is possible to treat Polite simply as pragmatic values encoded through
other attributes - especially person and number. In languages where there are
special polite pronoun forms (e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted), the additional
Politeness attribute is required.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or
respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Positive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Positive
positive
EAGLES, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420
Value used in a comparison relationship when no comparison is involved.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420) The Positive is the form of an adjective or
adverb on which comparative and superlative are formed.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Possessive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Possessive
possessive
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1355
Relative to the possession or association.
(www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=possessive;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1355)
subClassOf referentType (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Possible
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Possible
possible
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Postposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Postposition
postposition
EAGLES adposition with the optional attribute Type="Preposition".
A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Predicate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Predicate
predicate
The predicate is the relation between the Clause and a portion of a clause,
excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject (Crystal 1980:
280; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 182; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 173; Pike and Pike 1982: 40;
Mish et al. 1990: 926; Crystal 1985: 241-242).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/predicate)
adapted from http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/predicate
Note that most predicates are also (semantic) Heads of the respective clause (cf.
van Valin and Lapolla 1997, who, however, use the term "nucleus"). A syntax-centered
approach on heads may, however, assign the label Head to an auxiliary. As "head" is
ambiguous between a syntactic function (finite verb) and a semantic function
(predicate), a direct association is avoided here.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NominalPredicate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NominalPredicate
predicate nominal
nominal predicate
A nominal predicate (noun or adjective), either with or without copula. The term
nominal predicate may be used for the complements of further copulative verbs (cf.
small clauses), e.g. "consider", "call", etc. (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.5)
added in conformance with SFB632 annotation guidelines (Dipper et al.,
2007)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QuestionPredicate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QuestionPredicate
predicate question
question predicate
Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
SQ â´ Inverted yes/no question, or main clause of a
wh-question, following the wh-phrase in SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995) SQ|That part of an
SBARQ that excludes the wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. (Santorini 1991) The
SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require
a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if
there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions
is not labeled. ... SQ (See also section 1.2.7.) ⢠inside SBARQ:
As described above, inside wh-questions, SQ holds the subject, inverted auxiliary
(if any), main verb phrase, and some adjuncts. ⢠yes/no
questions: SQ is used for yes/no questions (i.e., those with inversion but no
wh-movement). ... ⢠subject-less yes/no questions: In questions
where the auxiliary and subject do not appear, the auxiliary is unlabeled and a null
subject (NP-SBJ *) is used. ... Note that questions with overt subjects and
auxiliaries that show declarative word order are simply labeled S.
⢠Tag questions: Tag questions are treated as an adjunction of
SQ to S. The resulting structure is labeled SQ, since the whole thing is
interrogative in nature. The lower SQ is annotated to show predicate deletion; that
is, an appropriate null *?* is inserted. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbalPredicate
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VerbalPredicate
predicate verbal
verbal predicate
The predicate of the clause is represented by a verbal lexeme. (Ch. Chiarcos)
introduced for non-nominal predicates, normally referred to as ``predicate'' (Ch.
Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Prefix
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Prefix
prefix
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1365
Affix added before a word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen
Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1365)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SeparablePrefix
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SeparablePrefix
prefix separable
separable prefix
TüBa-D/Z
separable verb prefix, e.g., "Auch die Vertreter der AfB [stimmten] den 86
Millionen [zu]."
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Preposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Preposition
preposition
EAGLES adposition with Type="Preposition".
A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CompoundPreposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CompoundPreposition
preposition compound
compound preposition
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934
Preposition that is a aggregation of words (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934)
subClassOf preposition (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FusedPreposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FusedPreposition
preposition fused
fused preposition
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901
Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901)
subClassOf preposition (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SimplePreposition
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SimplePreposition
preposition simple
simple preposition
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900
Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused
preposition. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900)
subClassOf preposition (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Present
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Present
present
EAGLES,
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense
Present tense refers to the moment of utterance.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense) Present
tense refers to the moment of utterance. It often refers to events or states that do
not merely coincide with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous,
habitual, or lawlike.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativePresent
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativePresent
present relative
relative present
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePresent
RelativePresentTense locates the situation in question simultaneously with some
contextually determined temporal reference point.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePresent)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#StillPresent
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:StillPresent
present still
still present
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/StillPresent
StillPresentTense is similar to PresentTense but carries the presupposition that
an event or state held before the moment of utterance. In positive declarative
clauses, still present tense asserts that the event or state holds at the moment of
utterance (Comrie 1985: 54; named changed from 'StillTense').
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/StillPresent)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MorphologicalProcess
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MorphologicalProcess
process morphological
morphological process
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PhonologicalProcess
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PhonologicalProcess
process phonological
phonological process
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Pronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Pronoun
pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbbreviatedPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbbreviatedPronoun
pronoun abbreviated
abbreviated pronoun
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal
Abbreviation/Syntactic_Type="pronominal" (Romanian), e.g., d-ta/dumneata,
d-tale/dumitale, d-voastră/dumneavoastră, dv./dumneavoastră, dvs./dumneavoastră
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AllusivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AllusivePronoun
pronoun allusive
allusive pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223
pronoun that have reference to something characterized by allusions. (MIRACL
& LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223) an invariable pronoun expressing a
specific intention by means of unclear term (Khemakhem Aida, 2010-05-10 via
isocat-morpho@loria.fr) examples from Arabic (Monica Monachini 2010-05-06 via
isocat-morpho@loria.fr): "kam nahaituhu" (how often I forbade him, Hans Wehr), "baas
Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil" (He just turned ten, and here
[how] he wants a bicycle, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary),
"gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH" ([how] he jumped for joy, Georgetown University
Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary)
subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AttributivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AttributivePronoun
pronoun attributive
attributive pronoun
An attributive pronoun is a pronoun that modifies an NP.
In languages with grammaticalized determiners, attributive pronouns are
determiners. In languages without grammaticalized determiners, attributive pronouns
are described as adjectives. In order to provide a uniform modeling of attributive
pronouns, they are defined here as being the intersection of Determiner and Pronoun.
Note that this entails that the definition of "Determiner" is broadened to include
determiner-like elements in languages without grammatical determiners. (Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalPronoun
pronoun conditional
conditional pronoun
check for a definition
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222
conditional pronoun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222)
subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DemonstrativePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DemonstrativePronoun
pronoun demonstrative
demonstrative pronoun
EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Demonstrative".
TODO: This definition is nonsatisfactory, cf. Ehlich (1982) for intra-textual
("anadeictic") uses of demonstratives.
Demonstrative pronouns are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of
reference). They indicate which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes
those entities from others. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeterminalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DeterminalPronoun
pronoun determinal
determinal pronoun
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun
Not to be confused with pronominal determiners
The Estonian determinal pronouns _ise_, _end(a)_ `(one)self'." combine aspects of
emphatic pronouns and reflexive pronouns. It could also be described as an
intensifier that is formally identical with the reflexive pronoun or as an emphatic
reflexive pronoun. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, Heiki-Jaan Kaalep,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun; Insa Gülzow (2006), The
acquisition of intensifiers: Emphatic reflexives in English and German child
language, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 258)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DistributivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DistributivePronoun
pronoun distributive
distributive pronoun
adopted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages),
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Distributivity is a property of Pronominals
When the subject is conjoined, the reflexive cannot refer to only one of them.
The proform has to be a distributive pronoun, i.e., the reduplicated form, when it
has coreference to respective subjects, e.g., *kumaarum_i/Kumar.and
umaavum_j/Uma.and tan_i+j/self-poss puunekki/cat.to paalu/milk
kuDuttaanaanga/give-pst-aggr. "*Kumar_i and Uma gave milk to his_i/her_j cat."
(Annamalai 2000, p. 189, on Tamil) Unlike reciprocals, the two parts of a
distributive pronoun cannot be considered as two full, independent NPs. In "awar/1
awar/2", only "awar/2" is case marked; "awar/1" is its citation form. Also, the two
parts cannot be separated by intervening material (cf. English "one another").
(Jayaseelan 2000, p. 149, on Malayalam) (K.A. Jayaseelan, 2000, Lexical anaphors and
pronouns in Malayalam, In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao
(eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A
Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 113-168) (E. Annamalai, 2000,
Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Tamil, , In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W.
Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian
Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 169-216)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#EmphaticPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:EmphaticPronoun
pronoun emphatic
emphatic pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941
Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941)
subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExclamatoryPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExclamatoryPronoun
pronoun exclamatory
exclamatory pronoun
EAGLES WHPronoun with Wh-Type="Exclamatory".
An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExpletivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExpletivePronoun
pronoun expletive
expletive pronoun
Missing in the EAGLES recommendations, added in accordance with the TIGER
annotation scheme (for German). As expletive pronouns often (e.g., in German or
English) have the form of 3.sg personal pronouns, expletives are modelled here as
subclass of ThirdPersonPronoun.
TODO: compare with GOLD, modeled as a PartOfSpeechProperty there
TODO: revise definition, the GOLD definition applies to copula, too.
An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have
no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical [Crystal 1997, 127]
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Expletive) In European languages, expletives are
pronouns. A verbal part of speech that "has no meaning, but complete a sentence to
make it grammatical" is a copula (see AuxiliaryVerb).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImpersonalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImpersonalPronoun
pronoun impersonal
impersonal pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426
Pronoun lacking person referent. (Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426) More precisely, a form of pronoun that denotes
the absence of a concrete or specific referent, e.g., German "man". As opposed to
IndefinitePronoun, this referent is not just discourse-new, but generic or
hypothetical.
subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndefinitePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndefinitePronoun
pronoun indefinite
indefinite pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativePronoun
pronoun interrogative
interrogative pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NegativePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NegativePronoun
pronoun negative
negative pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925
Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925)
subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA), reclassification as IndefinitePronoun follows
EAGLES and STTS praxis
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonspecificPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonspecificPronoun
pronoun nonspecific
nonspecific pronoun
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun
In the Russian MTE v4 specs, Pronoun/Type="nonspecific" marks the following
Russian words: весь 'all', всякий 'any, every', сам 'oneself', самый 'the very',
каждый 'every, each', иной 'other', любой 'any', другой 'other'. The name
"nonspecific" follows Halliday (1985, Section 6.2.1.1). (MTE v4) A nonspecific
pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw
*everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an
indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to
Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An
introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FirstPersonPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FirstPersonPronoun
pronoun person first
first person pronoun
EAGLES Pronoun with Person="First". As only personal and reflexive pronouns show
person differentiation, FirstPersonPronoun is modelled as a subclass of
PersReflConcept here.
A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents
grouped with the speaker.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondPersonPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SecondPersonPronoun
pronoun person second
second person pronoun
EAGLES Pronoun with Person="Second". According to Mish et al. (1990:878), this
pertains to PersonalPronoun only (and ReflexivePronoun as German "dich"), so
SecondPersonPronoun is modelled as a PersReflPronoun here.
TODO: Person as property
Second person deixis means deictic reference to a person or persons identified as
addressee.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun
pronoun person second familiar
familiar second person pronoun
EAGLES PersonalPronoun with Politeness="Familiar". The EAGLES attribute politeness
(polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns.
In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or
respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The concept
FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal
conversiation in such languages.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PoliteSecondPersonPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PoliteSecondPersonPronoun
pronoun person second polite
polite second person pronoun
EAGLES PersonalPronoun with Politeness="Polite". The EAGLES attribute politeness
(polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns. In French, for example, it
is possible to treat Polite simply as pragmatic values encoded through other
attributes - especially person and number. In languages where there are special
polite pronoun forms (e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted), the additional Politeness
attribute is required. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p
19.09.06)
TODO: Politeness as feature rather than a concept.
In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or
respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ThirdPersonPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ThirdPersonPronoun
pronoun person third
third person pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PersonalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PersonalPronoun
pronoun personal
personal pronoun
EAGLES PersReflPronoun with "Special PronounType"="Personal".
TODO: the SIL definition (also used in GOLD) is nonsatisfactory. German reflexive
pronouns have person distinction, so this definition actually applies to EAGLES
PersReflPronoun rather than EAGLES PersonalPronoun.
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm
19.09.06) Note that (despite the SIL definition), an olia:PersonalPronoun refers to
irreflexive personal pronouns. Personal pronoun categories without reflexivity
sensitivity should be mapped onto olia:PersReflPronoun. (CC)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AffixedPersonalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AffixedPersonalPronoun
pronoun personal affixed
affixed personal pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221, modelled as a subClassOf PersonalPronoun,
clitic pronouns are weak personal pronouns
Personnal pronoun that is affixed. (MIRACL & LSCA;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221)
subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#StrongPersonalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:StrongPersonalPronoun
pronoun personal strong
strong personal pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390
Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or
reinforce a weak personal pronoun. (Eagles; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390)
subClassOf personalPronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WeakPersonalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WeakPersonalPronoun
pronoun personal weak
weak personal pronoun
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414
Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or
reinforce a strong personal pronoun. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414)
subClassOf personalPronoun (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessivePronoun
pronoun possessive
possessive pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReciprocalPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReciprocalPronoun
pronoun reciprocal
reciprocal pronoun
EAGLES PersReflPronoun with "Special PronounType"="Reciprocal".
A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among
the referents of a plural subject.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PersReflPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PersReflPronoun
pronoun refl pers
pers refl pronoun
EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Pers/Ref".
TODO: This class should be renamed to PersonalPronoun, as it corresponds to the
definition of PersonalPronoun in GOLD. Subclasses then should be renamed to
ReflexivePronoun and NonreflexivePersonalPronoun.
In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value
Pers./Refl. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReflexivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReflexivePronoun
pronoun reflexive
reflexive pronoun
EAGLES PersReflPronoun with SpecialPronounType="Reflexive".
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativePronoun
pronoun relative
relative pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubstitutivePronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubstitutivePronoun
pronoun substitutive
substitutive pronoun
introduced to account for non-attributive pronouns, see
olia:AttributivePronoun
non-attributive pronoun
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ZeroPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ZeroPronoun
pronoun zero
zero pronoun
PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995; often considered as
extremely weak form of personal pronouns (Ariel 1990; Givón 1995)
*|An asterisk represents a zero pronoun; it may need to be deleted. ... * is used
to represent the empty subject of gerunds, imperatives and to-infinitive clauses.
(Santorini 1991) (NP *) â´ arbitrary PRO, controlled PRO, and
trace of A-movement (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Proximal
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Proximal
proximal
added in accordance with
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticProximalDeterminer
The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is
usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent
denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ThirdProximative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ThirdProximative
proximative third
third proximative
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdProximative, modelled here under
Third
Proximative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way
distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-particpants.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdProximative)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Punctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Punctuation
punctuation
EAGLES top-level category Punctuation (PU). For subconcepts, Wilson and Leech
(1996) propose two alternative classifications: Here, we implement the more
interesting, i.e. position (the alternative is just enumeration of possible signs)
Punctuation marks (PU) are treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation,
as it is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as
equivalent to words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SentenceFinalPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SentenceFinalPunctuation
punctuation final sentence
sentence final punctuation
added in accordance with
http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv
SentenceFinalPunctuation are . ? !.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativePunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativePunctuation
punctuation interrogative
interrogative punctuation
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087
Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MainPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MainPunctuation
punctuation main
main punctuation
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075
Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to
sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075)
subClassOf punctuation (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SentenceMedialPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SentenceMedialPunctuation
punctuation medial sentence
sentence medial punctuation
added in accordance with a suggestion by Wilson and Leech (1996)
SentenceMedialPunctuation are , ; : - .
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ParentheticalPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ParentheticalPunctuation
punctuation parenthetical
parenthetical punctuation
Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that
set off a parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are
contained within the PRN node. Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual
annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or parentheses strongly suggests
a parenthetical. (Bies et al. 1995)
added in conformance with Penn Treebank Bracketing Guidelines (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LeftParentheticalPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LeftParentheticalPunctuation
punctuation parenthetical left
left parenthetical punctuation
TODO: rename to OpeningPerentheticalPunctuation to support scripts running from
left to right.
added in accordance with a suggestion by Wilson and Leech (1996);
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078 (open punctuation)
Beginning of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078)
TODO: rename to OpenPunctuation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RightParentheticalPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RightParentheticalPunctuation
punctuation parenthetical right
right parenthetical punctuation
TODO: rename to ClosePunctuation to support scripts running from left to
right
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079
added in accordance with EAGLES suggestions
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv)
End of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079)
RightParentheticalPunctuation is a punctuation mark which concludes a constituent
whose the opening is marked by a LeftParentheticalPunctuation, e.g. ), ] and Spanish
?. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondaryPunctuation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SecondaryPunctuation
punctuation secondary
secondary punctuation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Quadrial
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Quadrial
quadrial
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000
Property related to four elements. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000)
subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Qualifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Qualifier
qualifier
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Quantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Quantifier
quantifier
A category "Quantifier" is missing in EAGLES, but seems to be conflated with
IndefiniteDeterminer. Added as top-level concept in accordance with the SFB632
annotation guidelines. Against the original (and meanwhile corrected) modelling in
GOLD, Quantifier is not a subconcept of Determiner.
A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite
number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or pronoun.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DemonstrativeQuantifier
quantifier demonstrative
demonstrative quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier
In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="demonstrative" are items
meaning `this many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals
(pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so
they are described variously as pronouns (because they contain a demonstrative
element) or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals,
or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DualQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DualQuantifier
quantifier dual
dual quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier
Quantifiers that enforce dual agreement (i.e., as with the numeral "2"). Some
feminine and neuter body parts in Czech have preserved dual forms, and if the noun
is dual, so are its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So the agreement of the
numeral 2 differs formally from 3-4 (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/16,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier) Numeral/Class="definite",
Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific
patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference
between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural
(definite). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndefiniteQuantifier
quantifier indefinite
indefinite quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier
In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="indefinite" are items meaning
`several/some', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but
traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described
variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that
of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InterrogativeQuantifier
quantifier interrogative
interrogative quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier
In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 pecs, Numeral/Class="interrogative" are items
meaning `how many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals
(pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so
they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic
distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email
2010/06/11,
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PaucalQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PaucalQuantifier
quantifier paucal
paucal quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PaucalQuantifier
Quantifiers that enforce paucal agreement. In many Slavic languages, numerals
between 2 and 4 (and some quantifiers) involve a specific agreement patterns that is
different from that of smaller and greater numbers. In Russian, for example,
genitive singular is requires. These numerals and quantifiers with the same
characteristics are referred to here as "paucal quantifiers". (cf. David Pesetsky,
http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~jtrommer/Harvard/pesetsky.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PluralQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PluralQuantifier
quantifier plural
plural quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PluralQuantifier
Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234"
etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate
from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2,
definite234) and plural (definite).
A PluralQuantifier is a Quantifier (or Numeral) that specifies a large multitude
of entities. The agreement pattern of a plural quantifier is different from that or
an singular quantifier, but as opposed to DualQuantifier and PaucalQuantifier,
PluralQuantifier includes quantifiers that denote arbitrarily large sets of
entities. (Chiarcos) The corresponding category in Czech, Polish and Slovak MTE v4
specs is Numeral/Class="definite", that refers to numerals larger than four. (MTE
v4)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProQuantifier
quantifier pro
pro quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier
A ProQuantifier is a quantifier derived from a pronominal element. ProQuantifiers
thus partly characterized as pronouns (e.g., as pronominal adverbs) or quantifiers
(e.g., "indefinite numeral" as in MTE v.4).
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativeQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativeQuantifier
quantifier relative
relative quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier
In the Czech MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="relative" are items meaning `how
many/much', `as many/much' etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals
(pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so
they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic
distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email
2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SingularQuantifier
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SingularQuantifier
quantifier singular
singular quantifier
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SingularQuantifier (MTE v4
Numeral/Class="definite1",
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SingularQuantifier)
Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234"
etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate
from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2,
definite234) and plural (definite).
A singular quantifier is a quantifier or a numeral that specifies a single
referent from a set. (Chiarcos) In Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, the corresponding
category Numeral/Class="definite1" is applied to the numeral "one". (MTE v4)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Question
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Question
question
Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
There are two types of questions: direct questions (which are main clauses ending
with a question mark) and indirect questions (which are subordinate clauses embedded
under a verb). In this section, we discuss only direct questions; indirect questions
are bracketed as SBARâ¹s (see Section 5.17). (Santorini
1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectQuestion
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectQuestion
question direct
direct question
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#YesNoQuestion
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:YesNoQuestion
question no yes
yes no question
Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no
questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes
the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need
not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Quote
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Quote
quote
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081
Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Reduplication
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Reduplication
reduplication
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2346 (reduplication)
process to modify the sense of a word by some operations to repeat the sound of a
word. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2346)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Reflexive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Reflexive
reflexive
TODO: integrate with Voice, rename to ReflexiveVoice
A reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically
represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. In
many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by
a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e. g., She threw herself to the floor.).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonReflexive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonReflexive
reflexive non
non reflexive
TODO: remove
A non-reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically
represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are not the same.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DialectRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DialectRegister
register dialect
dialect register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1990
Register that is specific to a dialect. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1990)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FacetiousRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FacetiousRegister
register facetious
facetious register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1991
Register related to an expression that is intended to be clever and funny but
that is really silly and annoying. (Longma DCE;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1991)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FormalRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FormalRegister
register formal
formal register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1992
Formal register. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1992)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InHouseRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InHouseRegister
register house in
in house register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1993
Register of terms that are company-specific and not readily recognized outside
this environment. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1993)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IronicRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IronicRegister
register ironic
ironic register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1994
Register for irony. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1994)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BenchLevelRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BenchLevelRegister
register level bench
bench level register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1989
Register of terms used in applications-oriented as opposed to theoretical or
academic levels of language. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1989)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NeutralRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NeutralRegister
register neutral
neutral register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1999
The register appropriate to general texts or discourse. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1999)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SlangRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SlangRegister
register slang
slang register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1995
An extremely informal register of a word, term, or text that is used in spoken
and everyday language and less commonly in documents. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1995)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TabooRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TabooRegister
register taboo
taboo register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1996
Register that expresses a situation that people avoid because it is extremely
offensive or embarrassing. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1996)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TechnicalRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TechnicalRegister
register technical
technical register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1997
The register appropriate to scientific texts or special languages. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1997)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VulgarRegister
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:VulgarRegister
register vulgar
vulgar register
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1998
Register of a term or text type that can be characterized as profane or socially
unacceptable. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1998)
subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Relation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Relation
relation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DependencyRelation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DependencyRelation
relation dependency
dependency relation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DominanceRelation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DominanceRelation
relation dominance
dominance relation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LexicalRelation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LexicalRelation
relation lexical
lexical relation
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticRelation
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticRelation
relation syntactic
syntactic relation
TODO: check TDS and GOLD
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Residual
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Residual
residual
EAGLES top-level category Residual (R) with the exception of its subclass
"Unclassified". Unclassified is not represented in the OLiA ontology, as it does not
represent information, but the absence of information.
From a linguistic point of view, Residuals are a heterogeneous class and so,
Residual may overlap with every linguistically motivate annotation concept. Also
between subconcepts, overlap may occur (e.g. \LaTeX which is a symbol which can be
read as an Acronym or acronyms which are related to Abbreviations, e.g. GNU "Gnu is
not Unix")
The residual value (R) is assigned to classes of text words which lie outside the
traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, although they occur quite
commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. For example: foreign words, or
mathematical formulae. It can be argued that these are on the fringes of the grammar
or lexicon of the language in which the text is written. Nevertheless, they need to
be tagged. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
Although words in the Residual category are on the periphery of the lexicon, they
may take some of the grammatical characteristics, e.g., of nouns. Acronyms such as
IBM are similar to proper nouns; symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for
singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this
respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also
have gender. It is quite reasonable that in some tagging schemes some of these
classes of word will be classified under other parts of speech. (The Unclassified
category applies to word-like text segments which do not easily fit into any of the
foregoing values. For example: incomplete words and pause fillers such as er and erm
in transcriptions of speech, or written representations of singing such as
dum-de-dum. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AddresseeRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AddresseeRole
role addressee
addressee role
added in conformance with PTB vocative, Bies et al. 1995
-VOC (vocative) — marks nouns of address, regardless of their position in the
sentence. It is not coindexed to the subject and does not get -TPC when it is
sentence-initial. (SQ (NP-VOC Mike) , would (NP-SBJ you) (INTJ please) (VP close (NP
the door)) ?) (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AgentRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AgentRole
role agent
agent role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#agentRole
An agentive role is one in which the actor exerts some degree of will(-power) in
the execution of the event.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#agentRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#BenefactorRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:BenefactorRole
role benefactor
benefactor role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#beneficiaryRole
A beneficiary (benefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate)
who stands to benefit in some way from the event. Prototypically “benefit” here
means “to do or be good to, to be of advantage or profit to; to improve, help
forward” in some way.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#beneficiaryRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CauseRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CauseRole
role cause
cause role
Cause indicates the reason why something happens and is often expressed by a PP
(because of, with, through etc.). Sometimes this role is close to the role of
Instrument. The criterion for the choice of tag CAUSE is if the expression can be
paraphrased through a clausal subordinate clause. (Dipper et al. 2007,
5.3.10)
added in conformance with the SFB632 Annotation Guidelines (Dipper et al.
2007)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ComitativeRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ComitativeRole
role comitative
comitative role
added in conformance with TIGER edge labels, this is explicitly not defined as a
grammatical case
TODO: Check whether to be merged with ComitativeCase
Comitative carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen
1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative) Comitative applies to an animate
entity that accompanies a participant of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007, §5.3.12)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionRole
role condition
condition role
http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ConditionalAdverb
Adverbial that denotes a condition. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectionRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectionRole
role direction
direction role
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995)
-DIR (direction) â´ marks adverbials that answer the questions
â¼from where?â½ and â¼to
where?â½ It implies motion, which can be metaphorical as in
â¼...rose 5 pts. to 57-1/2â½ or
â¼increased 70% to 5.8 billion yenâ½ (see
section 23 [â¼Financialspeakâ½ Conventions]).
-DIR is most often used with verbs of motion/transit and financial verbs: (S (NP-SBJ
I) (VP flew (PP-DIR from (NP Tokyo)) (PP-DIR to (NP New York)))) (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExperiencerRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExperiencerRole
role experiencer
experiencer role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#experiencerRole,
originally a subconcept of UndergoerMacroRole
An experiencer instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who takes the
event in through sensory means in some way.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#experiencerRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ExtentRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ExtentRole
role extent
extent role
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995)
-EXT (extent) â´ marks adverbial phrases that describe the
spatial extent of an activity. -EXT was incorporated primarily for cases of movement
in financial space, but is also used in analogous situations elsewhere. (S (NP-SBJ
the Dow Jones Industrial Average) (VP plunged (NP-EXT 190.58 points))) (S (NP-SBJ
She) (VP walked (NP-EXT 5 miles))) Obligatory complements do not receive -EXT: (S
(NP-SBJ The sumo wrestler) (VP gained (NP 80 pounds))) Words such as fully and
completely are absolutes and do not receive -EXT. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ForceRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ForceRole
role force
force role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#forceRole
A force role is one in which the instantiator (the “force”) exerts some degree of
energy which initiates (or impacts on) the execution of the event. In contrast to an
agent, an instantitor of a force may be an inanimate entity, such as a climactic
condition. The non-controlling entity instigating a Process (=Dynamism or Change)
(Dik, 1997:118)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#forceRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GoalRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GoalRole
role goal
goal role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#goalRole
A goal role instantiates the (intended) end location (directional path) of an
event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#goalRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InstrumentRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InstrumentRole
role instrument
instrument role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#instrumentRole, cf.
TIGER edge label "Instrumental"
SemanticRole added in conformance with TIGER
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LocationRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LocationRole
role location
location role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#locationRole, cf.
the TIGER edge label "Locative"
Semantic role for the final location of action or a time of the action.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326) Adverbials that indicate place/setting of the
event. (PP-LOC on (NP the moon)) May also indicate metaphorical location: (PP-LOC
amongst (NP yourselves)) (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ActorMacroRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ActorMacroRole
role macro actor
actor macro role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#actorRole
The most agentive semantic role of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla
1997), designated subject (from a semantic point of view)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#UndergoerMacroRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:UndergoerMacroRole
role macro undergoer
undergoer macro role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#undergoerRole
The least agentive argument of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997),
the designated object (from a semantic perspective).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MalefactorRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MalefactorRole
role malefactor
malefactor role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#maleficiaryRole
A maleficiary (malefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate)
who stands to undergoe a misfortune, or be at a disadvantage in some way from the
event.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#maleficiaryRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MannerRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MannerRole
role manner
manner role
Manner applies to constituents that denote how something is carried out. Adverbs
may also denote manner, however, they are not annotated at any of the syntactic
layers. (Dipper et al. 2007, §5.3.11)
added in conformance with the SFB632 annotation scheme (Dipper et al. 2007)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ObliqueRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ObliqueRole
role oblique
oblique role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#obliqueRole
A semantic role which is not straightforward.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#obliqueCase)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PathRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PathRole
role path
path role
added in accordance with TIGER way (directional modifier)
added in accordance with TIGER way (directional modifier)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PatientRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PatientRole
role patient
patient role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#patientRole
A patient instantiates the role of an entity which undergoes a change of state
(Cruse 2000:284)
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#patientRole
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PositionerRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PositionerRole
role positioner
positioner role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#positionerRole
The entity controlling a Position (Dik, 1997:118)
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#positionerRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessorRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PossessorRole
role possessor
possessor role
added in conformance with Stanford Parser Dependency Labels
Semantic role as used by the Stanford Dependency Parser
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProcessedRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ProcessedRole
role processed
processed role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#processedRole
The entity that undergoes a Process (Dik, 1997:118).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#processedRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PurposeRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PurposeRole
role purpose
purpose role
-PRP (purpose or reason) â´ marks purpose or reason clauses and
PPs. (Bies et al. 1995)
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RecipientRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RecipientRole
role recipient
recipient role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#recipientRole
A recipient instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who recieves an
entity in some way from the event. <p> Prototypically “recieve” here means “to
take in one’s hand, or into one’s possession (something held out or offered by
another); to take delivery of (a thing) from another” in some way. (OED) </p>
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#recipientRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SemanticRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SemanticRole
role semantic
semantic role
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SourceRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SourceRole
role source
source role
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#sourceRole
A source role instantiates the origin of an event or entity.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#sourceRole)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticRole
role syntactic
syntactic role
2010/04/08 merged with EAGLES NPFunction "NPFunction is an additional optional
attribute for adjectives. It subsumes the values HeadFunction, Postmodifying and
Premodifying." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1a 20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TargetRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TargetRole
role target
target role
added as counterpart of SourceRole, see there
The target role instantiates the destination of an event or entity.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ThemeRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ThemeRole
role theme
theme role
added in conformance with SFB632 Theme
TODO: check definition, AFAIK Theme also applies to the third (non-ACTOR,
non-UNDERGOER) argument (Ch. Chiarcos)
Theme is a general term covering the notions of patient that means an entity
affected by the action, of result that means an entity effected by the action, i.e.
which emerges out of the action, or of theme that means an entity effected by the
action, i.e. which emerges out of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007: §5.3.3)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TimeRole
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TimeRole
role time
time role
added in conformance with Stanford Parser Dependency Label TIME and SFB632
annotation guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007)
Semantic role corresponding to the label "TIME" used by the Stanford Dependency
Parser. Time covers a point or an interval of time at which the action takes place.
(Dipper et al. 2007, §5.3.9) -TMP (temporal) — marks temporal or aspectual
adverbials that answer the questions when, how often, or how long. It has some uses
that are not strictly adverbial, such as with dates that modify other NPs (see
section 11 [Modification of NP]). (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Root
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Root
root
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2231
base of a word (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2231)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Second
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Second
second
EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Second
Refers to the person(s) the speaker is addressing (Crystal 1997: 285).
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Second)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Sentence
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Sentence
sentence
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeclarativeSentence
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DeclarativeSentence
sentence declarative
declarative sentence
Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
S|Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty)
subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb
inversion. (Santorini 1991) Simple declarative sentences: (S (NP-SBJ Casey) (VP
threw (NP the ball))) ... S â´ Simple declarative clause, i.e.
one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or
wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Separable
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Separable
separable
EAGLES; note that UbyPos extends separability to particles
A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a verb stem and a separable affix.
In some verb forms, the verb appears in one word, whilst in others the verb stem and
the affix are separated. German and Dutch are notable for having many separable
verbs. For example, the Dutch verb "aankomen" is a separable verb.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_verb 20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonSeparable
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonSeparable
separable non
non separable
EAGLES; note that UbyPos extends separability to particles
Non-separable verbs are not composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. (cf.
SeparabilityFeature: Separable)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GraphicalSeparator
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GraphicalSeparator
separator graphical
graphical separator
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Sequel
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Sequel
sequel
added in accordance with ILPOSTS (for Indian languages),
http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Sequel
Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages. No definition or examples provided:
Distance=Sequel (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Sequel)
TODO: provide definition
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Simple
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Simple
simple
EAGLES
Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts:
German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Singular
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Singular
singular
EAGLES
Singular is a grammatical number denoting a unit quantity (as opposed to the
plural and other forms). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular 17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Slash
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Slash
slash
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437
The punctuation sign / (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437)
subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
Parenthetical in Russian (instead of "(", ")"), sentence medial in English
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Space
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Space
space
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2189
Empty area between words, lines or columns (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2189)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Specific
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Specific
specific
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer
"By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings
of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading
there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific
reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in
English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either
reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is
opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm
looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In
Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler,
Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International
Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British
Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific
determiners in Klallam, a Salish language,
http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectSpeech
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectSpeech
speech direct
direct speech
added in accordance with TIGER
added in accordance with TIGER
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Stem
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Stem
stem
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1389
Root of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional
affixes are added.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1389)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Strong
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Strong
strong
EAGLES
TODO: rename to StrongPronoun
Strong pronouns are different from the weak pronouns (cf. StrengthFeature:Weak)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IntransitiveSubject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IntransitiveSubject
subject intransitive
intransitive subject
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#S
Intransitive argument (S), single argument of an intransitive verb or only
argument in a one-place predicate (frame).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#S)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SyntacticSubject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SyntacticSubject
subject syntactic
syntactic subject
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticSubject
The subject of a sentence is one of the two main parts of a sentence, the other
being the predicate. Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is
notoriously difficult, and depends on a range of grammatical properties that may
vary from language to language. For this reason, many current grammatical theories
avoid using the term, except for purely descriptive purposes, or define it in terms
of occupying a particular position in the clause. The term subject refers to the
grammatical function an expression may have in relation to other expressions in a
sentence, and it should be distinguished from parts of speech, which classify
expressions independently of their relations to other constituents of a sentence.
The subject of a verb is the argument which generally refers to the origin of the
action or the undergoer of the state shown by the verb. However, this definition
depends on the particular language under consideration. In languages where a passive
voice exists, the subject of a passive verb may be the target or result of the
action. This is a semantic definition.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticSubject)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TransitiveSubject
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TransitiveSubject
subject transitive
transitive subject
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#A
First argument of a transitive or ditransitive verb.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#A)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Suffix
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Suffix
suffix
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1395
Affix added at the end of the word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue
Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1395)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Superlative
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Superlative
superlative
EAGLES, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1422
The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which
indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is
being compared to in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative
17.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Supine
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Supine
supine
EAGLES NonFiniteVerb with VerbForm="Supine".
Supine is a nonfinite form of motion verbs with functions similar to that of an
infinitive (Angelika Adams)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Symbol
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Symbol
symbol
EAGLES Category Residual with Type="Symbol".
In morphosyntactic annotation schemes, a symbol is a single graphical sign that
occurs in a written text with a conventionalized meaning but that does not represent
a phoneme (like ordinary characters), an orthogaphic sign (punctuation), or a
number. (Christian Chiarcos) Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for
singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this
respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also
have gender. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsoluteTense
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbsoluteTense
tense absolute
absolute tense
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense
Absolute tense refers to a time in relation to the moment of utterance.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense with
reference to
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsolutetense.htm")
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PastPerfectTense
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PastPerfectTense
tense perfect past
past perfect tense
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348
Past perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the
past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the
moment of utterance
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastPerfectTense.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348)
denoting a tense of verbs used in relating past events where the action had
already occurred at the time of the action of a main verb that is itself in a past
tense. In English this is a compound tense formed with had plus the past participle
(www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=past+perfect;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PluperfectTense
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PluperfectTense
tense pluperfect
pluperfect tense
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInPast, classified as absolute-relative tense
here.
PastInPast tense locates the situation in question prior to a reference time in
the past. Also known as PluperfectTense.
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInPast)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RelativeTense
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RelativeTense
tense relative
relative tense
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeTense
Relative tense is a tense that refers to a time in relation to a contextually
determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter’s temporal relation to
the moment of utterance.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeTense with
reference to
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisrelativetense.htm)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsoluteRelativeTense
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AbsoluteRelativeTense
tense relative absolute
absolute relative tense
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteRelativeTense
Absolute-relative tense is a tense that (i) refers to a time in relation to a
temporal reference point that, in turn, is referred to in relation to the moment of
utterance (ii) in which the time and the reference point are not identical, and
(iii) the reference point and the moment of utterance are not identical.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteRelativeTense
with reference to
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsoluterelativetense.htm)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Text
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Text
text
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1847
Series of sentences expressed in a natural language. (Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1847)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TitleInRunningText
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TitleInRunningText
text running in title
title in running text
-TTL (title) — is attached to the top node of a title when this title appears
inside running text. -TTL implies -NOM. The internal structure of the title is
bracketed as usual. (See section 12 [Titles] for more information about the
bracketing of titles.) (Bies et al. 1995)
PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DitransitiveTheme
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DitransitiveTheme
theme ditransitive
ditransitive theme
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#T
Ditransitive theme (T) (Siewierska 2004:57).
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#T)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Third
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Third
third
EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Third
Third person is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker
or addressee. For example in English "he", "she", "they" or the third person
singular verb suffix -s, e.g. in "He sometimes flies."
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm
20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Token
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Token
token
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1403
Character string surrounded by separators. (Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1403)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#HangingTopic
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:HangingTopic
topic hanging
hanging topic
http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#HangingTopic
HangingTopic constructions are closely related to LeftDislocation. Unlike
LeftDislocation, the dislocated element and its resuming pronoun do not necessarily
agree in case, number and gender. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011,
http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#HangingTopic)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Topicalization
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Topicalization
topicalization
PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
Topicalization structures are ones where a non-subject immediately precedes a
subject, which immediately precedes the verb/auxiliary of the sentence. Two
examples: Pizza, John likes. Tomorrow, I will go to the store. Such examples should
be bracketed as adjunction structures. (Santorini 1991) -TPC (“topicalized”) — marks
elements that appear before the subject in a declarative sentence, but in two cases
only: (i) if the fronted element is associated with a *T* in the position of the
gap. (ii) if the fronted element is left-dislocated (i.e., it is associated with a
resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap). (See the section on fronted elements
in section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment
of fronted elements and the section on *T* with fronted elements in section 4 [Null
Elements] for more details on the distribution of *T*.) (Bies et al. 1995) Fronted
elements are placed inside the top clause level (e.g. S, SINV, SQ, SBAR). (Only
certain fronted elements are tagged -TPC: (i) constituents associated with a *T* in
the position of the gap and (ii) left-dislocated constituents (those associated with
a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap).) (See section 1 [Overview of Basic
Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements.) (Bies et
al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Trace
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Trace
trace
PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995)
T|Trace. Marks the position where a fronted wh-constituent is interpreted. ... T
marks the spot where an argument NP that has been moved by wh-movement or relative
clause formation is interpreted. For instance, the relative clause the man that I
saw should be bracketed as follows, by analogy to the corresponding simple
declarative I saw the man. (NP (NP the man) (SBAR that (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T)))))
T is also used to represent the empty subjects of as-clauses. (Santorini 1991) *T*
â´ trace of Aâ²-movement (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Transgressive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Transgressive
transgressive
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404
present (action in the same time as of the predicate): The dog going through the
house barks. past (action premature to the one of predicate): He has started to read
the book after he had sat down. (ark.wz.cz/cidarke/mverb.html;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Transitive
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Transitive
transitive
SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to kiss", cf. van Valin
and Lapolla (1997).
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Trial
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Trial
trial
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407
Grammatical number referring to 'three things', as opposed to 'singular' and
'plural'. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_number;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407)
subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NarrativeType
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NarrativeType
type narrative
narrative type
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Typo
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Typo
typo
a mis-typed word
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Typo
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Uncountable
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Uncountable
uncountable
EAGLES, remodelling of MassNoun vs. CommonNoun
A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a
numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Uninflected
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Uninflected
uninflected
Chiarcos, cf. BaseForm in Susanne (Sampson 1995) and related schemes, and
http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#UnmarkedForGender
In many inflecting languages, there occur lexemes whose form does not change
throughout the paradigm, e.g., Russian papa "dad". For such forms, the category
uninflected may be assigned. However, Uninflected is not to be confused with
BaseForm that applies to forms in a paradigm where overt marking exists. Uninflected
is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
For the EMILLE tagset (for Urdu, Hardi 2003), we need the possibility to specify
that a lexeme is (un)inflected ([un]marked) *for a specific feature* (e.g., Gender,
http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#GenderMarking). At the moment, this cannot be
expressed.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Unique
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Unique
unique
EAGLES top-level category Unique (U). "The unique value (U) is applied to
categories with a unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which
are ‘unassigned’ to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. The value unique
cannot always be strictly applied, since (for example) Greek has three negative
particles ... No subcategories are recommended, although it is expected that tagsets
for individual languages will need to identify such one-member word-classes as
Negative particle, Existential particle, Infinitive marker, etc"
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html) According to the EAGLES
definition and examples, this seems to be closely related to "particle". Particles
are uninflected function words, in a broader sense, everything which is not
inflected is a particle, i.e. including interjections, in GOLD, uninflected items
such as adpositions, conjunctions and interjections are excluded: "A particle is a
partOfSpeech whose members do not belong to one of the main classes of words, is
invariable, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning." The EAGLES
definition emphasizes the invariability of particles.
TODO: rename to Particle
Unique approximates the linguistic concept "Particle". It covers categories with
unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are `unassigned'
to any of the standard part-of-speech categories.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LexicalUnit
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LexicalUnit
unit lexical
lexical unit
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OmittedUnit
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OmittedUnit
unit omitted
omitted unit
added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al.
1995)
*U* â´ unit ... This element marks the interpreted position of
a unit symbol, such as $, # (British pounds), FFr (French francs), C$, US$, HK$, A$,
M$, S$, and NZ$. It may also appear after % or even cents, when convenient. See
section 11 [Modification of NP] for more details on the use of *U*. ... In general,
*U* is placed where the word corresponding to the symbol would appear in the string
if the text were read aloud. One notable exception is in certain hyphenated compound
adjectives, such as a $5-a-share increase (spoken: â¼A five
dollar a share increaseâ½). Here, the bracketing will usually not
reflect the spoken order, with *U* placed as the last element in the ADJP: (NP a
(ADJP $ 5-a-share *U*) increase) Sometimes, this type may lack the *U* entirely.
(Bies et al. 1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SemanticUnit
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SemanticUnit
unit semantic
semantic unit
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#TemporallyDefinedUsage
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:TemporallyDefinedUsage
usage defined temporally
temporally defined usage
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModernUsage
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ModernUsage
usage modern
modern usage
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962 (modern)
Currently in use. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962)
subClassOf dating (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#OldUsage
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:OldUsage
usage old
old usage
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961
Used in the past. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961)
subClassOf dating (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonlyUsed
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:CommonlyUsed
used commonly
commonly used
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984
Said of a term that appears frequently. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984)
subClassOf frequency (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InfrequentlyUsed
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InfrequentlyUsed
used infrequently
infrequently used
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985
Said of a term that does not appear frequently. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985)
subClassOf frequency (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#RarelyUsed
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:RarelyUsed
used rarely
rarely used
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986
Said of a term that is almost never used. (ISO12620;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986)
subClassOf frequency (dcif:conceptualDomain)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Utterance
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Utterance
utterance
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1409
Complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1409)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GeographicalVariant
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:GeographicalVariant
variant geographical
geographical variant
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851
Description of a specific form used in a certain region as opposed to another
form used in another region (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Verb
verb
EAGLES top-level category "Verb" (V)
A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"),
occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand").
Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors,
possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the
person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AuxiliaryVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:AuxiliaryVerb
verb auxiliary
auxiliary verb
EAGLES Verbs with Status="Auxiliary", http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244
An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase,
and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as
person, number, tense aspect, and voice.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm
19.09.06) Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also
copulas are classified under auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in
practically every EAGLES-conformant morphosyntactic annotation scheme. Part of
speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which
help to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc. (Crystal 2003;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#StrictAuxiliaryVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:StrictAuxiliaryVerb
verb auxiliary strict
strict auxiliary verb
Definition in accordance with the SFB632 definition of "auxiliary verb" as
non-copular and non-modal verb. In EAGLES, auxiliary verb also seems to be
non-modal: In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in
English) to recognise an intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as
be going to, have got to, ought to.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06)
Non-modal, non-copular auxiliary verb.
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ConditionalVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ConditionalVerb
verb conditional
conditional verb
EAGLES finite verb with VerbForm="Conditional".
TODO: reimplement with properties
A conditional verb is a verb form in many languages. It is used to express
degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future.
Such forms often occur in conditional sentences.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FiniteVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:FiniteVerb
verb finite
finite verb
EAGLES Verb with Finiteness="Finite".
A finite verb is a verb form that occurs in an independent clause, and is fully
inflected according to the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFiniteVerb.htm
19.09.06) Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an
independent sentence. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1287)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonFiniteVerb
verb finite non
non finite verb
EAGLES Verb with Finiteness="Non-finite".
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332
Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and
mood contrasts. (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332) A
non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked
inflectionally in a language, such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality,
Number, Person.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImperativeVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImperativeVerb
verb imperative
imperative verb
EAGLES FiniteVerb with VerbForm="Imperative"
An imperative verb is used to express commands, direct requests, and
prohibitions. Often, direct use of the imperative mood may appear blunt or even
rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read that book".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Imperative_mood 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ImpersonalVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ImpersonalVerb
verb impersonal
impersonal verb
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306
An impersonal verb is a verb that - occurs only in third person singular forms -
has no specified agent , and - has a dummy subject or no subject.
(www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImpersonalVerb.htm;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306)
(of a verb) having no logical subject. Usually in English the pronoun it is used
in such cases as a grammatical subject, as for example in It is raining. (of a
pronoun) not denoting a person
(www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=impersonal;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#IndicativeVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:IndicativeVerb
verb indicative
indicative verb
EAGLES FiniteVerb with VerbForm="Indicative"
Indicative mood is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a
particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the
most commonly used mood and is found in all languages.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Indicative_mood 19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#LightVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:LightVerb
verb light
light verb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#LightVerb, for Farsi
In linguistics, a light verb is a verb participating in complex predication that
has little semantic content of its own, but provides through inflection some details
on the event semantics, such as aspect, mood, or tense. The semantics of the
compound, as well as its argument structure, are determined by the head or primary
component of the compound, which may be a verb or noun (V+V or V+N compounds). Other
names for "light verb" include: vector verb or explicator verb, emphasising its role
within the compound; or thin verb or semantically weak verb, emphasising (as with
"light") its lack of semantics. A "semantically weak" verb is not to be confused
with a "weak verb" as in the Germanic weak inflection. Light verbs are similar to
auxiliary verbs in some ways. Most English light verbs occur in V+N forms sometimes
called "stretched verbs": for example, take in take a nap, where the primary sense
is provided by "nap", and "take" is the light verb. The light verbs most common in
these constructions are also common in phrasal verbs. A verb which is "light" in one
context may be "heavy" in another: as with "take" in I will take a book to read.
Examples in other languages include the Yiddish geb in geb a helf (literally give a
help, "help"); the French faire in faire semblant (lit. make seeming, "pretend");
the Hindi nikal paRA (lit. leave fall, "start to leave"); and the bǎ construction in
Chinese.[1] Some verbs are found in many such expressions; to reuse an earlier
example, take is found in take a nap, take a shower, take a sip, take a bow, take
turns, and so on. Light verbs are extremely common in Indo-Iranian languages,
Japanese, and other languages in which verb compounding is a primary mechanism for
marking aspectual distinctions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MainVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MainVerb
verb main
main verb
to be renamed to LexicalVerb ("main verb" can also mean "head of a finite
clause")
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400 (main verb)
Main verb in contrast to a modal or an auxiliary.
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400) verb which has its own semantics
(http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3004, plainVerb)
subClassOf verb (dcif:isA)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModalVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ModalVerb
verb modal
modal verb
Added for compatibility with the SFB632 annotation guidelines. May correspond to
the (optional, French-only) EAGLES feature value "semiauxiliary".
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329
TODO: rename to semiauxiliary, this seems to be a more language-independent
term
Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as
possibilities, permission, or intention. (Gil Francopoulo;
http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329) A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary
verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate
modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is characteristic of
Germanic languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06) In addition
to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an
intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to,
ought to. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06) The
auxiliaries in English subdivide into the primary verbs `be', `have', and `do',
which can also function as main verbs, and the modal auxiliaries such as `can',
`will', and `would', which are uninflected, and always function as auxiliaries.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node158.html#SECTION00054800000000000000)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NominalizedVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NominalizedVerb
verb nominalized
nominalized verb
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withNominalProperites
A non-finite embedded construction which contains features with nominal
properties
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withNominalProperites,
with reference to Dik 1997)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QuotativeVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QuotativeVerb
verb quotative
quotative verb
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Quotative, MTE VForm="quotative"
(Estonian)
A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian.<br/> ‘Reportedly,
while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.’ Ta olevat oma paadiga ümber
läinud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone.<br/> (Estonian
translation of an example given under
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm)
(Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubjunctiveVerb
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SubjunctiveVerb
verb subjunctive
subjunctive verb
EAGLES finite verbs with VerbForm="Subjunctive".
TODO: remodelling by properties
A subjunctive verb is typically used to expresses wishes, commands (in
subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that
are contrary to fact at present. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood
19.09.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verbal
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Verbal
verbal
http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Verbal
In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of abbreviated verbs
(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Verbal)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ActiveVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ActiveVoice
voice active
active voice
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#activeVoice
When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active
voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) Associated with
transitivity, when the action is performed by an agent (subject) on another
participant (object), or with intransitivity (McIntosh 1984:108). Refers to the
category of underived verb forms associated with the basic diathesis:
Diathesis=D0:(X=SUBabs/nom) (Y=DIROBacc) (Shibatani 1995:7)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Active)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectVoice
voice direct
direct voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice
Signals that the action proceeds in an ontologically salient way, i.e. that
salience is assigned to nominals based on their referent's relative real-world
capacities to control situations. (Klaiman 1991:32)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#InverseVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:InverseVoice
voice inverse
inverse voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice
Signals when actions proceed from ontologically less salient to more salient
participants (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonpromotionalInverseVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:NonpromotionalInverseVoice
voice inverse nonpromotional
nonpromotional inverse voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonpromotionalInverse
Involves demotion of the non-topical obviate-agent from subjecthood. (Givon
1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonpromotionalInverse)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PragmaticInverseVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PragmaticInverseVoice
voice inverse pragmatic
pragmatic inverse voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverse
If the agent is more topical than the patient, the direct-active clause is used.
If norm is reversed and the patient is more topical, the inverse clause is used.
(Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverse)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PromotionalInverseVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PromotionalInverseVoice
voice inverse promotional
promotional inverse voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverse
Involves promotion of the topical proximate-patient to subjecthood. (Givon
1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverse)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SemanticInverseVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:SemanticInverseVoice
voice inverse semantic
semantic inverse voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverse
If the agent outranks the patient on the relevant generic topic hierarchy, the
direct-active clause is used. If the relevant norm is reversed and the patient
outranks the agent on the relevant hierarchy, the inverse clause is used. (Givon
1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverse)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#MiddleVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:MiddleVoice
voice middle
middle voice
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PassiveVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:PassiveVoice
voice passive
passive voice
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReferentialVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReferentialVoice
voice referential
referential voice
http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice, classified as Antipassive here
in analogy with ObliquePassive
entails assignment of the absolutive to certain kinds of arguments other than the
logical subjects (A) and objects (P), including the dative, benefactive,
malefactive, and possessor. (Klaiman 1991:239)
(http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ReflexiveVoice
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ReflexiveVoice
voice reflexive
reflexive voice
http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#reflexiveVoice
The reflexive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject is both the agent
and the patient or recipient.
(http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#reflexiveVoice)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHCleft
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHCleft
whcleft
PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
Wh-clefts are constructions in which a wh-clause functions as the subject of a
sentence. A simple example is What matters is the price. Here, the wh-clause What
matters is the subject, and is the price is the predicate. The internal structure of
the subject is: (NP (SBAR (WHNP what) (S (NP T) (VP matters)))) (Santorini
1991)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHDeterminer
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHDeterminer
whdeterminer
TODO: This class is based on surface criteria of Indo-European languages. In other
(and even IE) languages, relative pronouns are partly also derived from
non-interrogatives, but rather from demonstratives, cf. English "that". Should be
abandoned unless language-independent evidence for its existence is provided.
EAGLES Determiner with Det.-Type="Int./Rel.".
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHPronoun
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:WHPronoun
whpronoun
TODO: Check cross-linguistic validity of this class. This class is based on
surface criteria of Indo-European languages. In other (and even IE) languages,
relative pronouns are partly also derived from non-interrogatives, but rather from
demonstratives, cf. English "that". Should be abandoned unless language-independent
evidence for its existence is provided.
EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Int./Rel.".
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DirectWHQuestion
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:DirectWHQuestion
whquestion direct
direct whquestion
Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
SBARQ|Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32.
Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ.
(Santorini 1991) Wh-questions should be bracketed as SBARQ. The wh-constituent
(whether it is a subject or not) is a child of SBARQ; the rest of the question is an
SQ. If the wh-constituent is a subject or an object, the position where it is
interpreted should be represented by the empty element T. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ
label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a
trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there
is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not
labeled. ... SBARQ â´ Direct question introduced by a wh-word or
wh-phrase. See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure]. Indirect questions
and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Bies et al.
1995)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Weak
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:Weak
weak
EAGLES
Weak pronouns are helping pronouns many languages have for easily explaining the
possessive status of something, to which something belongs. Many languages have
different ways to express this. For example, English has distinctive words for all
of these: "my", "mine". Germanic languages and Romance languages have the same, but
inflect them for gender: (Spanish example) "mío", "mía", "míos" and "mías" ("mine",
in the masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural
form, respectively). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_pronoun 20.11.06)
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#QuestionWord
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:QuestionWord
word question
question word
-
http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ing
tag:textalign.net,2015:feature:ing
ing
Introduced in accordance with EAGLES, where 'Ing' is suggested as a cover term
for the Gerund-Participle-Merger in English. This is, however, a language-specific
phenomenon and should instead be represented by multiple inheritance from OLiA
Reference Model concepts.
English verb forms ending in '-ing' that represent either Gerunds or
Participles.